S P E E C H-S U N D S 387 (j) Cj) (j) K. (k) (kj) (kh) (kj) (kjh) (j 'j J, J Jli)- a modifier, symbol of palatalization, art. 12, but this simul- taneous palatal action is constantly confused with success- ive (j, i). art. 7 viii, used to express the vanish of (ee, e) towards (i), ending in an approach to the consonant (j), thus (ee'j, e'j). or (j) without a dot, marks a semipalatalization, the tongue being only approximated to the palatalizing position, ob- served in several Uralic languages by LLB. S5&, Civ 5, E yea. S 1 b, C in 5, E Aew, Me (jhiu), hiss of (j) very close to flated ("ii), art. 4. (k kj kh kj kjh krh kw kwh, K Kh). S 3 a, C i 3, E cape, perfectly mute, art. 8. S3 6, Ci5, SN ^, the "back" and "front" of the tongue brought closely into the (k) and (j) positions, forming a complete stop; the " point " may rest against the lower gums, and had better do so to avoid the jump up to (t}) chest, with which this mute is constantly confused ; but (tj) is more like (kjHjh) or post-aspirated (kj), which supplies the necessary hiss. S 1 re, C iii 3, G dac-A, SP j, see (kjh kwh). Ci4, IT la c/iiave, palatalized (k), art. 12. In the 17th and 18th centuries constantly used in E before (a, aj), it may be now constantly heard in London before ou in count, called (kJE'nt), or finer (kjeunt) for (ka'unt). C iii 4, G teich, palatalized (kh), confused with (jh) by German theorists, but the back of the tongue is higher for (kjli). English people confuse it with concave (sh), which it ought never to approach, though it comes near convex (shj). Either (kjh) or (kjh), the hiss of (kj), which was not dis- tinguished from (jh), was the original sx 3j, now called (sh) and confused with ^, properly (Qh), see under C. (krh) Cv3, AR ~, a (kh) with the uvula slightly trilled, as in Dutch ch ; Lepsius considers both to be (K!I). (kw) Ci2, art. 12, E queen (kwiin), not (kwiin). (kwh) C iii 2, LS quhat (kwhat), G aucA, bucA, art. 12 labialized (kh). (K) Gil, AR r (Kaaf), the tongue greatly retracted and wedged against the uvula. Lepsius considers the proper sound of AR r to be (G), the sonant of (K). By Syrian Moham- medans and often by Egyptians the r is lost or rather becomes hamza(;), as (;aa'la) for (Kaa'la) said. "Em- phatic" character attaches to AR = c 10 ,.> ..o !>, here written (K krh grh t d s z), which Lepsius takes to have the values (G KH ch .^d 1 , .^l 1 , .s 1 , .dh 1 ) respectively ; this " consists in a modification of the vowel by narrowing [the passage below] the soft palate"; these letters are called " high " by the Arabs because of this very high back of the tongue. They call the emphatic pronunciation "thick, rough, fatty." In fact (a) becomes (a), (o) remains, (e, i) become (E, i^, (u) is scarcely changed. Europeans recog- nize the consonants mainly by this vowel change. (Kh) hiss of (K), considered by Lepsius to be the proper sound of what is here written as (krh). L. (1 Ij Ijh Ih Ij IS ISh, '1, v l v lh, Z /h, L Lh, t Ij, I ]h, -I). (1) S 6 c, C viii 8, art. 10, E gall, tip of the tongue far behind the gums, replaced on the Continent by ( v l). (Ij) S 66. Sw. says " (1) formed in the place of (j)," and hears it in IT gli, SP II, PR Ih, where LLB. and E. hear (Ij). (Ijh) S2o. B. says it is "a variety of defective s," theoretical. (Ih) S 2c, C vii 8, flated (1), not Welsh II. B. hears it before (t) in felt, as (fElht). E. hears no trace of it, any more than he hears ("e) in (wet). (Ij) C viii 6, art. 12, IT gli, SP II, PR Ih. LLB. and E. hear this as a Ealatalized E (1), not Continental (J), the palatalization aving retracted the ( x l). (IS) C viii 8, voiced form or buzz of unilateral "Welsh II, see (ISh). (ish) CyiiS, or more conveniently (Ihh), Welsh IMl; put tongue in position for (1), raise the left side to touch the palate, let flatus escape by the right side. The tongue is then in the position assumed after making the unilateral click (tjSJ), see (Jli) under H. This unilaterality is insisted on by Salesbury, 1 and E. was thus taught in Wales. Sw.- also insists on it. Some Welshmen do not. ('!) E littZe, syllabic (1), the voice of the lateral flap sufficing to form a syllable when final. ( v l) S 6 d, C viii 9, F Zait, the tip of the tongue against the gums, as is usual out of England. (Jh) S 2 d, Cvii9, flated ( v l), occ. F peupZe. 1 Welsh Pronunciation, 1550. 2 "Spoken North Welsh," in Trans. Phllol Soc., 1SS2-S4, p. 418. (I) S6a, PL guttural or "barred" I, that is, I with a slanting line drawn through it. The back of tongue is raised as high as for (K). St. 3 finds E I after a vowel in the same syllable half guttural ; this is unknown to Englishmen. (li) S 2 a. B. calls it " the hiss of a water-fowl, " the hiss of (Z), theoretical. (L) C viii 7, reverted I, the underpart of the point of the tongue coming against the hard palate, used in conjunction with (R) in south-west England, as worZd (waiiD'L). Those who used retracted (r,) say (wai^d/l,). (Lh) C vii 7, flated form of (L), theoretical. (1) Irish Gaelic " broad " II, as in aZt (the Z being written singly because of the following t ; at the end of a word it is always written ZZ), tongue in the same position as for (t>), whii-h see, but with the lateral emission of the Z class. [Lecky, MS. communication.] (Ij) Irish Gaelic " slender " It, as in Irish Gaelic, miZZ ; this bears the same relation to (1) as (tj) does to (t), see (tj). [Lecky, MS. communication.] (i) turned 1, the gradual glottid, art. 5. (lh) an exaggerated form of the gradual glottid, art. 5, and see (HT!I) under H. (i) turned L, DX ret, glottal r. Donders says "sing a note as deep as possible, and then try to sing a lower one, the voice will be replace! by a peculiar crackling noise," which is (i) ; it is the common form of DX r. M. (ra mh 'm, K). (m) S8g, Cxl3, art. 11, E mumming. (mh) S40, Cixl3, flated form of (m). B. hears it before mutes in place of (m), as ca?p (ksemhp) ; E. does not, art. 11. ('m) syllabic m, E chas?>i (ka.>z'm). (K) turned M, C vi 12, E defective r in vewy (vem) very, differ- ing from (brh) by having tight and flat in place of loose and round lips, with minute instead of considerable excur- sions of the flap. N. (n nj nh nj, v n 4 nh, 'n, N, n nj). (n) S 8 c, C x 8, E io, tongue as for (t), mouth open or closed indifferently, as the tongue is an effectual stop, art. 11. (nj) a nasalized (Ij), which those take to be IT gn who assume IT gl to be (Ij), see (nj, qj). (nh) S4e, Cix8, flated (n), used in Cumberland for initial kn, in knovr (nlioo). B. hears it before mutes, as in be?it (bEnlit) ; E. does not, see art. 11. (nj) nasalized (dj), the tongue lies along the palate in the same way as for (dj), but the nasal passages are now open. LLB. and E. hear it as palatalized E (n), not (^n), IT gn, SP n, PR nh, F gn. St. 4 takes the F sound to be (qj). E. has not detected (qj) in native F speakers, after long- continued express observation. ( s n) S 8 d, C x 9, F jiain, tongue on gums. ( v nh) S 4 d, C ix 9, flated ( 4 n), theoretical. ('n) syllabic (n), E open (oop'n). (N) C x 7, reverted (n), tongue as for (T), sx TTf, south-west E n in connexion with (K), as (haRx) ran. (n) Irish Gaelic " broad " nn, as in dra?it (the n not doubled because of following t}, tongue as for (t, t}), which see, but with nasal passages open. [Lecky, MS. communica- tion.] (nj) this bears the same relation to (n) that (tj) does to (t), Irish Gaelic "slender" nn, as in )inn. [Lecky, MS. com- munication.] . O. (o oh OA 6y, o oh), (o) V8, T12, short IT open o, nd, long in E ore (00.1), which is fast degrading in London to (AA'U). (oh) V 20. Sw. and Sv. hear (oh) and neither (o) nor (oh) in F homme, which E. hears as (om), very different from E (om). B. hears (oh) in colloquial eloquence, philosophy, opinion, and American whole, in all of which E. hears (o). (OA) art. 11, F vont, a conventional form, not to be confused with (aA). (6y) art. 7 iii, theoretic form of G eu, see (a'y). (o) V 7, T 13. B. hears it short in E goer, mower ; E. in poetic, following. B. hears it when long in E always and only with the vanish (ooV), art. 6, art. 7 viii. E. hears (ooV) in the pause, but otherwise generally (oo), and (6ou) is always erroneous, (oh) V 19. B. says this is a mixture of (o) with (i) or is (o) with advanced tongue, that is, ( x o) ; he hears it in F homme (ohm), where E. hears (om), see (oh). (E. (ce <BA oe'y, ce ce'u, CE, ao a?). (03) V 32, T 18, F veuf, o bocke. See Sv. under (y). (CBA) art. 11, orinasal F un, chac?(, conventional symbol, (ce'y) art. 7 iii. 3 Englische Philologie: I. Die lebende Sprache, 74. 4 Ibid., p. 47.
