1799. Handbuch der Geschichte der Staaten des Alterthums, by A. H. L. Heeren.
1803. Handbuch der alten Geschichte, Geographie, und Chronologie, by G. G. Bredow, with his Historische Tabellen.
1809–1814. New Analysis of Chronology, by William Hales.
1819. Annales Veterum Regnorum, by C. G. Zumpt.
1821. Tableaux historiques, chronologiques, et géographiques, by Buret de Longchamps.
1824–1834. Fasti Hellenici, and 1845–1850, Fasti Romani, by H. Fynes Clinton. Epitomes of these elaborate works were published, 1851–1853.
1825–1826. Handbuch der mathematischen und technischen Chronologie, by Christian Ludwig Ideler; and his Lehrbuch der Chronologie, 1831.
1833. The Chronology of History, by Sir Harris Nicolas.
1852. Fasti Temporis Catholici, by Edward Greswell; and by the same author, 1854, Origines Kalendariæ Italicæ; and 1862, Origines Kalendariæ Hellenicæ.
1865. Fasti Sacri, a key to the chronology of the New Testament, by Thomas Lewin.
1869. Manual of Ancient History, by G. Rawlinson.
1872. Encyclopædia of Chronology, by B. B. Woodward and W. L. R. Cates.
1875. Handbook of Rules and Tables for verifying dates with the Christian Era, by E. A. Bond.
1875. The Assyrian Eponym Canon, by George Smith.
Chronological Table
Chronological tables, however unattractive to minds whose inclinations or occupations do not lie in the direction of them, are of much value and real interest for those who have knowledge and occasion to make a right use of them. To the historical student they not only serve as a storehouse of individual facts with dates, but by the orderly juxtaposition and sequence of these they indicate relations. They are maps on which are delineated or suggested the lines of the main currents in the ocean of human history. When the student, engaged on any special series of events, desires to find their place and surroundings in world-history, he has but to turn to such tables, and a glance or two will inform him.
In the preparation of the subjoined table great pains have been taken to bring it as closely as possible into agreement with the results of recent historical and chronological determinations. Events and dates of purely legendary character, once accepted as historical facts with unquestioning acquiescence, have no place in it; and the whole has been subjected to a searching examination and comparison with the best sources of information. The conflict of the authorities makes absolute certainty in many cases unattainable. The reader will therefore remember in using the table, that, as differences and authorities cannot be given, the dates are necessarily in some cases approximate or probable only.
2234. b.c. Alleged beginning of Chaldæan astronomical observations sent by Callisthenes to Aristotle; the earliest extant is of 720 b.c.
2200 (circa). The Hia dynasty in China founded.
2000 (circa). Cuneiform writing probably in use (deciphered by Grotefend, 1802 a.d.)
1582. Beginning of chronology of Arundelian (Parian) marbles. (Brought to England, 1627 a.d.)
1500 (circa). Date of the oldest papyri extant.
1273. Rise of Assyrian empire, according to Rawlinson.
1150 (circa). Cylinder inscription of Tiglath-Pileser, king of Assyria (deciphered, 1857 a.d.)
1100 (circa). The Chow dynasty in China founded.
1055. David king of Israel.
1012. Building of Solomon's Temple.
989–959. Capture of Jerusalem by Shishank (Shishak), king of Egypt, in this period.
909 b.c. Commencement of Assyrian canon, which terminates 640 b.c. (Discovered and published by Rawlinson, 1862 a.d.)
900. Erection of North-West Palace of Nimroud, according to Layard.
884 (?). Legislation of Lycurgus at Sparta.
776. Olympiad of Corœbus. The first authentic date in Greek history.
770. Invasion of Palestine by Pul, king of Assyria.
753. Foundation of Rome, according to Varro.
747. Babylon independent under Nabonassar.
743–723. First Messenian war.
727. Religious reformation under Hezekiah, king of Judah.
721. Samaria taken by Sargon, king of Assyria. Overthrow of the kingdom of Israel. Captivity of the ten tribes.
711 (circa). Invasion of Judah by Sennacherib.
685–668. Second Messenian war, under Aristomenes.
684. Archonship at Athens made annual.
667–625. Reign of Assur-bani-pal, king of Assyria.
659. Foundation of Byzantium by Megarians.
640. Religious reformation under Josiah, king of Judah.
632. Invasion of Assyria by Scyths.
625 (606 ?). Fall of Nineveh. Babylon independent under Nabopolassar.
624. Legislation of Draco, archon at Athens.
610. Battle of Megiddo. Death of Josiah.
598. Siege and capture of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar. Second captivity.
594. Legislation of Solon, archon at Athens.
588. The Pythian games begin to be celebrated every five years.
585. Death of Periander, tyrant of Corinth forty years. Eclipse of the sun, predicted by Thales (?).
579. Tyre taken by Nebuchadnezzar.
569. Nebuchadnezzar's conquest of Egypt.
560. Pisistratus tyrant of Athens (died, 527).
559. Anacreon begins to be known (still living in 529).
556. Birth of Simonides (died, 467).
554 (?). Conquest of Lydia and capture of Crœsus by Cyrus, king of Persia.
549. Death of Phalaris tyrant of Agrigentum.
540–510 (?). Pythagoras flourished.
538. Babylon taken by Cyrus. The Jews soon after return to Judea.
536. The Jews, under Zerubbabel, begin to rebuild the Temple.
535. Thespis first exhibits tragedy.
532. Polycrates tyrant of Samos (put to death, 522).
529. Death of Cyrus. Accession of Cambyses.
525. Battle of Pelusium. Conquest of Egypt by Cambyses. Birth of Æschylus (died, 456).
521–485. Reign of Darius Hystaspis, king of Persia. Inscription of Behistun (translated by Rawlinson, 1846 a.d.)
520. Decree of Darius for rebuilding the Temple at Jerusalem.
518. Birth of Pindar (died, 439).
510. The Pisistratidæ expelled from Athens. Democratic Government restored.
508. First treaty between Rome and Carthage.
507, 506. Conquest of Thrace, Pseonia, and Macedonia by Darius.
500. Burning of Sardis by the lonians and Athenians.
497. Battle of Lake Regillus. First authentic date in Roman history.
495. Birth of Sophocles (died, 406).
492. First Persian expedition, under Mardonius, against Greece.
490. Second Persian expedition, under Datis and Artaphernes. Victory of Miltiades at Marathon.
485. Accession of Xerxes, king of Persia. Gelon, tyrant of Syracuse.
484. Recovery of Egypt by the Persians. Birth of Herodotus (died, after 409).
483. Ostracism of Aristides the Just by the Athenians.
481. Expedition of Xerxes to Greece.
480. Battle of Thermopylæ,—fall of Leonidas. Battle of Salamis,—victory of Themistocles. Occupation of Athens by Xerxes. First Carthaginian invasion of Sicily. Defeat of Carthaginians by Gelon at Himera. Birth of Euripides (died, 406).
480–450. Anaxagoras teaches philosophy at Athens.
479. Occupation of Athens by Mardonius. Battles of Platæa and Mycale. Siege of Sestos. Departure of Xerxes from Greece.
477. Beginning of Athenian supremacy.
471. Ostracism of Themistocles. Birth of Thucydides (died, after 403 ?).
470. Victory of Cimon over the Persians at the Eurymedon.
469. Pericles begins to take part in public affairs at Athens.
468. Birth of Socrates. Destruction of Mycenæ by the Argives.
466. Flight of Themistocles to Persia. Siege of Naxos. Battles at the Eurymedon.
