Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 5.djvu/748

1522. Adrian VI. pope, January. The French defeated in Lombardy. Charles V. visits England. Henry VIII. invades France. Persecution of the Moors in Spain. Rhodes surrenders to Soliman. Bomb-shells used by Turks at this siege. Escape of the Constable de Bourbon from France. Death of Reuchlin (born, 1455). First voyage round the world made by a ship of Magellan's squadron. Complutensian Polyglot Bible published.
1523. League of Constable de Bourbon with the emperor and Henry VIII. Invasion of France. League of Rome. Capture of Jedburgh by earl of Surrey. Gustavas Vasa, king of Sweden. Invasion of Italy by the French. Death of Ulrich von Hutten (born, 1488). Clement VII. pope, November 19. Christian II. of Denmark deposed; Frederick I. elected king.
1524. Capture of Copenhagen by Frederick I. Rout of the French and death of Bayard at the Sesia. Peasant war in Germany breaks out under Munzer. Wolsey made legate for life. Invasion of the Milanese by Francis I. Siege of Pavia. Lahore taken by Baber. Luther's controversy with Carlstadt. Mikkelsen's Danish New Testament published. Birth of Palestrina (died, 1594). Death of Perugino (born, 1446). Death of Signorelli (born about 1440).
1525. Battle of Pavia,—Francis I. taken prisoner by Imperialists. February 24. Luther's marriage. League of Torgau. Treaty between England and France. Munzer defeated at Frankenhausen, and executed. Death of Frederick the Wise of Saxony; John the Constant succeeds him. Visitation of the monasteries undertaken by Wolsey. Religious liberty established in Denmark. The Buccaneers begin their piracies in the West Indies about this time. Secularization of the territory of the Teutonic knights; East Prussia erected into a duchy for Albert of Brandenburg, the grand master.
1526. Marriage of Charles V. with Isabella of Portugal, January. Treaty of Madrid, January 14. Francis liberated, February. League of Cognac between Francis, the pope, Venice, and Henry VIII., March. Battle of Paniput,—victory of Baber over Ibrahim Lodi, April. Diet of Spires, June. Victory of Soliman over Hungarians at Mohacz, August. Buda burnt. The pope captured by Cardinal Colonna, September. Pizarro and Almagro arrange partition of Peru. Swedish New Testament published. Tyndale's New Testament.
1527. The crown of Hungary disputed by John Zapolya and Ferdinand of Bohemia. Rome taken and sacked by Imperialists, the pope taken prisoner, May. Death of Constable de Bourbon. Treaty between the emperor and the pope. New alliance between England and France. Application of Henry VIII. to the pope to examine into the lawfulness of his marriage. Capture of Genoa and Pavia by the French. Discovery of the Bermudas by Juan Bermudez, and of New Guinea by the Portuguese. University of Marburg founded.
1528. Coronation of Gustavus, January 12. England and France declare war on the emperor. Patrick Hamilton burnt at Glasgow, February. Campeggio in England. Expulsion of the French from Genoa by Andrea Doria, September. Latin Bible of Pagninus published.
1529. The legatine court in England opened. Diet of Spires, at which the name “Protestants” is adopted. Peace of Cambray. Soliman takes Buda and gets Zapolya crowned king of Hungary, September. Lutheranism established in Sweden by Diet of Orebro. Vienna besieged by Soliman. Conference of Marburg, October. Fall of Wolsey. Conferences of the pope and the emperor at Bologna, November to January 1530. Death of Quintin Matsys (born, 1460).
1530. Coronation of Charles as king of Lombardy and emperor, February. The marquisate of Mantua erected into a duchy, March. Malta given by Charles V. to the knights of St John. Diet of Augsburg opens, June 13; closes November 13. Confession of Augsburg. Marriage of Francis I. with Eleanor of Austria, July 4. Death of Wolsey, November 29. Death of Margaret, governess of the Netherlands. Death of Baber, December 26; Humayun succeeds. League of Smalkald formed, December 31.
1531. Inundation in Holland. Earthquake at Lisbon, January. Expulsion of Gypsies from England. Death of Zwingli at the battle of Capel, October 11.
1532. First religious peace (peace of Nuremberg) concluded, July. Diet of Ratisbon. The Caroline Code passed. Court of Session organized by James V. Private marriage of Henry VIII. with Anne Boleyn. Christian II. imprisoned. Florence erected into a duchy for the Medici. Peru taken possession of by Pizarro and Almagro. Duchy of Brittany reunited to the crown of France. Machiavelli's Del Principe published. Bruccioli's Italian Bible. Antwerp Exchange built, the first of the kind.
1533. Cranmer archbishop of Canterbury. He pronounces Henry's marriage with Catherine null and void. His decision reversed by the pope. John Fryth burnt at Smithfield. Marriage of Henry, duke of Orleans, with Catherine de’ Medici. Flight of Calvin from Paris. Treaty between Francis I. and Barbarossa. Birth of Montaigne (died, 1592). Death of Lucas van Leyden (born, 1494).
1534. The papal power in England abrogated by Act of Parliament. The Act of Supremacy. Anabaptists besieged in Munster by the prince-bishop. Execution of Elizabeth Barton, the holy maid of Kent. Paul III. pope, October 13. Barbarossa seizes the kingdom of Tunis. John of Leyden (Bockelsohn), head of Anabaptists at Munster. Society of Jesus founded by Loyola, Lainez, and others. Death of the earl of Kildare in the Tower of London, December. Munster's Latin Bible. Luther's Bible completed. Death of Correggio.
1535. Henry VIII. takes the title of Supreme Head of the Church of England, January. Expedition of Charles V. to Tunis, defeat of Barbarossa, capture of Tunis, June. Capture of Munster and execution of John, June. Thomas Cromwell vicar-general of the king in England. Visitation of the monasteries undertaken. Persecution of French Protestants. Execution of Fisher and More. George Wishart begins preaching in Scotland. Milan taken possession of by Charles V., October. Siege of Copenhagen by Christian III., begun. Buenos Ayres founded by Pedro de Mendoza. Calvin's Institutio Religionis Christianæ published. Olivétan's French Bible. Coverdale's English Bible. Canada visited by Jacques Cartier.
1536. Death of Catherine of Aragon, January 8. Alliance between Francis I. and Soliman, against Charles V. Overthrow of the Geraldines in Ireland. Execution of Queen Anne (Boleyn), May 19, and marriage of Henry VIII. with Jane Seymour, May 20. Attainder of Reginald Pole for his book De Unitate Ecclesiastica. Incorporation of Wales with England. Calvin goes to Geneva. Dissolution of the lesser monasteries in England. Invasion of France by Charles V., July. Surrender of Copenhagen to Christian III., July 29. Siege of Marseilles by Charles, August to December. Lutheranism established in Denmark. Defeat of Imperialists by Turks at Eszek, November. Tyndale burnt at Vilvoord, October 6. The bull In Cœna Domini published by Paul III.
1537. Marriage of James V. with Madeleine of France, January 1. Catholic insurrections in England. Campaign of the French in the Netherlands. Death of Queen Madeleine, July 7. Commission of inquiry into the grievances of Ireland. Death of Queen Jane, October. Eruption of Etna, lasts a year.
1538. Calvin banished from Geneva, April. Negotiations of Charles V. and Francis I. at Nice, a truce for ten years signed, June. The Holy League of Nuremberg formed, June. Marriage of James V. of Scotland with Mary of Lorraine, June. Use of English Bible in churches enjoined, September. Parish registers ordered to be kept in England, September. Execution of relatives of Cardinal Pole; imprisonment of his mother the Countess of Salisbury. Paul III. excommunicates and deposes Henry VIII., December. Severe edict of Francis I. against the Protestants. David Beatoun created cardinal, December. The Great Bible published.
1539. Treaty of Toledo, “perpetual peace” between Charles and Francis, signed January 10. Dissolution of the Spanish Cortes, February. Revolt of Ghent. Dissolution of all monasteries in England. Statute of the Six Articles passed. Cardinal Beatoun archbishop of St Andrews. Birth of Socinus (died, 1604).
1540. Entry of Charles and Francis into Paris, January 1. Marriage of Henry VIII. with Anne of Cleves, January 6. Charles at Ghent,—execution of leading citizens, ancient liberties suppressed, February. The Order of Knights of St John suppressed in England. Execution of Thomas Cromwell, July 28. Henry marries Catherine Howard, July 28. Appointment of a second secretary of state in England. Disputation of Papist and Protestant doctors at Worms, November. The Society of Jesus conditionally sanctioned by Paul III. (unconditionally, 1543). The Louvre begun by Francis I. The rupee first issued.
1541. Diet of Ratisbon. Execution of Countess of Salisbury. Invasion of Hungary by Soliman. Occupation of Buda. Death of John Zapolya. Disastrous expedition of Charles V. to Algiers. Calvin returns to Geneva. The Mississippi discovered by De Soto.
1542. The ecclesiastical “Ordinances” adopted at Geneva, January 2. Diet of Spires. Execution of Queen Catherine (Howard), February. War between England and Scotland. War renewed between France and the emperor. Paul III. convokes Council of Trent, May. Siege of Perpignan, August to October. Battle of Solway Moss, November 25. Mary queen of Scots, December 14.; Regency of Arran. John Knox becomes a Protestant. Xavier sent to India. Mendez-Pinto in Japan. Swedish Bible published.

1543. Alliance between Henry VIII. and the emperor, February. Death of Copernicus, May 24. Invasion of Hungary by Soliman; Grau taken, August, and large part of kingdom conquered. Marriage of Henry VIII. with Catherine Parr, July. Coasts of Italy ravaged by Barbarossa. Attack on duchy of Juliers, capture of Düren by Charles V. Cardinal Beatoun chancellor of Scotland. Enzinas's Spanish New Testament published. Tyndale's Bible proscribed by English Parliament. The Copernican system of the world published, May.