Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 5.djvu/751

1595. Mohammed III. sultan, January 17. Henry IV. declares war on Spain, January 17. Absolution of Henry IV. by the pope, September 17. Cambray taken by Spaniards, October 2. Dutch East India Company formed. Dutch Settlement in Java.
1596. Treaty of Folembrai between Henry IV. and Mayenne, January, puts an end to the League. Calais taken by Spaniards, April 17. Peace of Teusin, between Russia and Sweden, May 18. Alliance of England and France against Spain, May 24. Invasion of Hungary and capture of Erlau by Mohammed III., summer. Capture of Cadiz by English and Dutch forces, June 21. Archduke Maximilian defeated by Mohammed III. at Keresztes, October 24–26. Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, founded. Birth of Descartes (died, 1650). Spitzbergen reached by Barentz.
1597. Victory of Prince Maurice over the Spaniards at Turnhout, January 22. Amiens taken by Archduke Albert, March 12, and retaken by Henry IV., September 15. Thermometer invented by Galileo before this year. Bacon's Essays published.
1598. The Edict of Nantes, April 30. Peace of Vervins between France and Spain, May 2. Philip III. king of Spain, Sept. 13.
1599. Divorce of Henry IV. from his queen Margaret, February. Essex appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland, March 12. The Deccan tributary to Akbar. Imprisonment of Campanella (1599–1629). Birth of Velazquez (died, 1660). Birth of Vandyck (died, 1641). Sully appointed superintendent of finance to Henry IV. Birth of Oliver Cromwell, April 25. Birth of Blake.
1600. Giordano Bruno burnt at Rome, February 17. Prince Maurice defeats the Spaniards at Nieuport, July 2. Henry IV. declares war on Savoy, August. Gowrie conspiracy in Scotland, August 5. Marriage of Henry IV. with Mary de’ Medici, December 9. The English East India Company chartered, December 31. Birth of Calderon (died, 1681). General symbols in algebra introduced by Vieta. Zodiacal light seen by Tycho Brahe. William Gilbert's De Magnete published.
1601. Treaty of peace between France and Savoy, January 17. Execution of the earl of Essex, February 25. Siege of Ostend by Archduke Albert, July 4. Kinsale occupied by Spaniards, September.
1602. Submission of Tyrone. Execution of Marshal Biron at Paris, July 29. Culture and manufacture of silk introduced into France. Birth of Mazarin. Hamlet published.
1603. Queen Elizabeth dies, and is succeeded by James VI. of Scotland as James I. of England, March 24. Union of the two crowns. The Millenary Petition of the Puritans presented to the king, April. Ahmed I. sultan, December. The Jesuits recalled to France. Disputes of the Gomarists and Arminians in Holland. Chapman's Iliads of Homer published (Odyssey, 1614).
1604. Hampton Court Conferences between the prelates and the Puritans, January 14–16. Treaty of peace between England and Spain, August 18. Surrender of Ostend to Spinola, September 20. James I. proclaimed King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, October 24. French settlement in Canada. Hooker's Ecclesiastical Polity completed.
1605. Paul V. pope, May 6. The “False Demetrius” crowned czar of Russia, summer. Death of Akbar, October 13. Jehangir succeeds him. Gunpowder Plot; arrest of Guy Fawkes, November 5. Bacon's Advancement of Learning published. Birth of Sir Thomas Browne (died, 1682). The first part of Don Quixote published. The Mercure de France, first French periodical, begun.
1606. Venice laid under interdict by the Pope, April 17. The Jesuits expelled from Venice. Peace of Sitvatorok between the emperor and the sultan, November 11. Patent for colonization of Virginia granted. Birth of Pierre Corneille (died, 1684).
1607. The Spanish fleet at Gibraltar destroyed by the Dutch, April 25. Return of Halley's Comet observed by Kepler. University of Giessen founded.
1608. Hungary ceded by Rudolph II. to Archduke Matthias, June 29. Trial of Arminius at the Hague. The telescope invented in Holland. Birth of Clarendon (died, 1674). Birth of Milton (died, 1674). Birth of Fuller (died, 1661). Reform of Port Royal begun by Angélique Arnauld.
1609. Twelve years' truce between Spain and the Netherlands, March 29. The Protestant Union of German Princes formed, May 4. Catholic League organized, July. Religious liberty for all sects conceded by the emperor, July 12. Moscow taken by the Poles. Siege of Smolensko by the Poles, November. Two edicts of Philip III. for expulsion of Moriscoes. The satellites of Jupiter discovered by Simon Marius, December; by Galileo, January 1610. Kepler's Laws (the first and second) published. The Bank of Amsterdam founded.
1610. Assassination of Henry IV. by Ravaillac, May 14. Louis XIII. king of France; regency of Mary de’ Medici. Charter for colonization of Newfoundland, May. Hudson's Bay discovered. Wadham College, Oxford, founded. Phases of Venus discovered by Galileo. Douay Bible published.
1611. Christian IV. of Denmark declares war on Sweden, April. Matthias king of Bohemia, May 23. Surrender of Smolensko to the Poles, July. Gustavus Adolphus king of Sweden, November 9. The plague at Constantinople. Plantation of Ulster. First creation of baronets in England. Sun-spots discovered by Fabricius and Galileo. Congregation of the Oratory at Paris founded. Birth of Fairfax. Birth of Turenne. Authorized Version of the Bible published. The Charter House, London, incorporated.
1612. The Great Mogul authorizes English factories at Surat, Ahmedabad, &c., January 11. Death of Emperor Rudolph II., January 20. Matthias elected, June 13. Death of Henry, prince of Wales, November 6 (born, 1593). Birth of Leighton (died, 1684). Birth of Samuel Butler (died, 1680). The pendulum applied to clock-work by Sanctorius.
1613. Marriage of Elector Palatine with Princess Elizabeth of England, February. The Romanoff dynasty in Russia founded, February. The New River, London, completed, Michaelmas. Birth of La Rochefoucauld (died, 1680). Birth of Jeremy Taylor (died, 1667). Birth of Montrose.
1614. Revolt of Condé terminated by Peace of Menehould, May 15. Last meeting at Paris of States-General before the Revolution, September 27. Invention of Logarithms by Napier of Merchiston (died, 1617). Birth of Henry More (died, 1687). Raleigh's History of the World published. University of Groningen founded.
1615. Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to the Great Mogul, January. The Jews again expelled from France, April. Death of Arabella Stuart in the Tower, September 27. Marriage of Louis XIII. with Anne of Austria, and of Don Philip with Elizabeth of France, November 25. Birth of Baxter (died, 1691).
1616. Death of Shakespeare, April 23 (O.S.). Death of Cervantes, April 23. The Cautionary Towns in Holland delivered up to the Dutch by James I., May 27. Cape Horn doubled by Le Maire and Schouten. Baffin's Bay discovered. Circulation of the blood discovered by Harvey about this time. Birth of John Owen (died, 1683).
1617. Peace of Stolbowa between Sweden and Russia, February. Bacon appointed lord-keeper, March. Raleigh sails for Guiana, March. Mustapha I. sultan. Assassination of Marshal d'Ancre at Paris, April 24. The queen-mother banished to Blois, May. Ferdinand king of Bohemia, June. Execution of the wife of Marshal d'Ancre, July 8. Birth of Cudworth (died, 1688).
1618. Othman II. sultan, February 26. Arrest of Grotius and Barneveldt by States-General, February. The “Book of Sports” promulgated by James I. May 24. Archduke Ferdinand, king of Hungary, July 1. Execution of Raleigh, October 29. The duke of Lerma dismissed from office, October. Synod of Dort, November 13. Revolution in Bohemia; beginning of Thirty Years' War. Birth of Cowley (died, 1667). China invaded by Manchoos about this time. Kepler's third Law announced. Congregation of Saint-Maur formed in France.
1619. Vanini burnt as atheist at Toulouse, February 19. Escape of Mary de’ Medici from Blois, February 19. Grotius imprisoned, and Barneveldt beheaded, May. Dutch and English trade in the East Indies regulated by treaty, July 17. Ferdinand deposed by States of Bohemia, August 19; elected emperor, August 28. Capture of Presburg by Bethlen Gabor, October 20. Frederick, Elector Palatine, crowned king of Bohemia, October 25. Vienna besieged by Bethlen Gabor and the Bohemians, December. Batavia built by the Dutch. Birth of Prince Rupert. Birth of Colbert.
1620. Treaty of Ulm, July 3. Massacre of Protestants in the Valtelline, July 19. Bethlen Gabor king of Hungary, July. Invasion of the Palatinate by Spinola, autumn. The Pilgrim Fathers sail in the “Mayflower” from Delft, September 6, and land in New England, December 11. Victory of the Turks at Jassy over Gratiani and the Poles, September 20. Battle of Prague,—the elector Frederick defeated, November 8. Bacon's Novum Organum published. Birth of John Evelyn, (died, 1706).
1621. Gregory XV. pope, February 9. Impeachment of Lord Chancellor Bacon, March. Philip IV. king of Spain, March 31. Grotius escapes from prison, March 21. The Protestant Union dissolved, May. Riga taken by Gustavus Adolphus, September 21. The English Commons claim freedom of discussion, December 19. Death of Cardinal Bellarmine (born, 1542).
1622. Peace of Nikolsburg, between Bethlen Gabor and the emperor, Hungary renounced by the former, January 7. The English parliament dissolved, February 9. Shah Abbas takes Baghdad, May 1. Battle of Wimpfen, May 6. Othman II. deposed and Mustapha restored, May 19. Siege of Bergen-op-Zoom by Spinola, June to October. Heidelberg surrenders to Tilly, September 15–19. Richelieu created cardinal, September 5. Peace of Montpellier, end of war with the Huguenots, October 19. Surrender of Mannheim to Tilly, November 1. The bishopric of Paris raised to archbishopric. Birth of Molière (died, 1673). Congregatio de Propaganda Fide instituted at Rome by Gregory XV.

1623. Journey of Prince Charles of England and the duke of Buckingham to Madrid, March to October. The Valtelline occupied by papal troops, May. Urban VIII. pope, August 6. Tilly defeats Duke Christian of Brunswick at Stadtlohn, August 9. The Spanish marriage-treaty broken off by England, December. Birth of Pascal (died, 1662). Shakespeare's Works, the first folio, published.