1696-1715.] CHRONOLOGY 741 sultan, January 27. Fenelon archbishop of Cambray, February. Bombardment of Brussels by Marshal Villeroi, August. Namur taken by William III., August 4 ; the citadel, September 1. Severe laws against Roman Catholics passed by Irish parliament, autumn. Censorship of the press in England ceases. Imprison ment of Madame Guyon. Death of Pierre Nicole (born, 1625). 1696. Assassination plot against William III., February 15. Calais bombarded by Benbow, March. Death of John Sobieski, June 17. Azoff taken by Czar Peter, July 28. Treaty of peace between France and Savoy, August 29. Bayle s Dictionnaire his- torique et critique published. Greenwich Hospital begun by Wren (finished, 1705). Asiento treaty between Spain and Portugal. Birth of Marshal Saxe. 1697. Charles XII. king of Sweden, April 16. Barcelona besjeged by the French ; taken, August 10. Battle of Zenta, victory of Prince Eugene over the Turks, September 11. Peace of Ryswick, Septem ber 20. Czar Peter in England. St Paul s Cathedral opened, De cember 2. Dryden s translation of the jEneid published. 1698. First " Partition Treaty " between France, England, and Holland, for partition of Spanish dominions on the death of Charles II., October 11. Fort William, Calcutta, built. Darien Company incorporated. Society for Promoting Christian Know ledge and Society for Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts founded. French settlement on the Mississippi. Birth of Meta- stasio (died, 1782). Birth of Bishop Warburton (died, 1779). 1699. Peace of Carlowitz, between the Porte and the emperor, the king of Poland, and the republic of Venice, concluded, January 26. Death of the elector of Bavaria, February. Frederick IV. king of Denmark, August 25. Treaty of alliance between Czar Peter and Augustus II. of Poland against Sweden, November 21. Dampier s expedition of discovery in the South Seas, 1699-1701. Fenelon s Aventures de Telemaque published. 1700. Second Partition Treaty signed, March 13. Siege of Copenhagen by Charles XII., August. Peace of Travendahl, August 18. Czar Peter declares war on Sweden, September 1. Charles II. of Spain appoints the duke of Anjou his successor, October 2. Philip V. (duke of Anjou), the first Bourbon king of Spain, proclaimed at Fontainebleau, November 16 ; at Madrid, November 24. Treaty of the Crown between the emperor and the elector of Brandenburg, November 16. Clement XI. pope, Novem ber 23. Battle of Narva, November 30. Birth of James Thomson, (died, 1748). Birth of Zinzendorf (died 1760). 1701. Frederick III., elector of Brandenburg, king of Prussia, January 18. Order of the Black Eagle founded, January. Marl- borough commander-in-chief in Holland, June 1. War of the Spanish succession begins, summer. Second Grand Alliance formed between the emperor, William III., and the Dutch Piepublic, September 7. Death of James II., September 16 ; his son recog nised as king of England by Louis XIV. Courland occupied by Charles XII. Birth of Boscowich (died, 1787). 1702. Act of Settlement (Hanoverian succession) passed, February. William III. died ; Anne queen of Great Britain, March 8. England declares war against France and Spain, May 4. Warsaw taken by Charles XII., May 24. Insurrection of the Camisards in the Cevennes, summer. Charles XII. defeats the Poles at Clissow, July 20, and enters Cracow. Cadiz attacked by English and Dutch, August. Spanish fleet at Vigo, destroyed by allies, October 12. Battle of Friedlingen, October 14. Liege taken by Marlborough, October 23. Clarendon s History of the Grand Rebellion published. Birth of Philip Doddridge (died, 1751). 1703. Ratisbon seized by elector of Bavaria, March. Battle of Pultusk, May 1. The Methuen treaty concluded, May 6. Bonn taken by Marlborough, May 15. Archduke Charles takes title of king of Spain, September 12. Ahmed III. sultan, September. Battle of Hochstadt, September 20. Surrender of Thorn to Charles XII., October 15. The "Great Storm" in England, November 26- December 1. St Petersburg founded. Queen Anne s Bounty established. Order of the Thistle revived. Death of Samuel Pepys (born, 1632). Birth of Jonathan Edwards (died, 1758). Birth of John Wesley (died, 1791). 1704. Frederick Augustus of Poland deposed, February ; Stanis las Leczinski elected king, July. Dorpat taken by Czar Peter, July 13. Gibraltar taken by Admiral Rooke, July 24. Narva taken by Czar Peter, August 9. Battle of Blenheim (or Hochstadt), August 13. Newton s Optics published. Swift s Tale of a Tub. 1705. Invasion of Courland by Czar Peter, February. Siege of Gibraltar by French and Spaniards raised, and French squadron destroyed by Admiral Leake, March. Joseph I. emperor, May 5. Expedition of earl of Peterborough and Sir Cloudesley Shovel to Spain, May. Battle of Cassano, August 16. Barcelona invested by English, August ; surrenders, October 4. Invasion of Silesia by Charles XII., September 1. Mittau taken by Peter, September. Peace between Sweden and Poland, November 18. Newcomen s steam-engine patented. Composition of light discovered by Newton. Death of Spener (born, 1635). Birth of Abraham Tucker (died, 1774). 1706. Battle of Fraustadt, February 13. Turin invested by the French, May. Marlborough gains possession of Brabant, May- October. Battle of Ramillies, May 12. Madrid entered by English and Portuguese, June 24. Philip recovers Madrid, August 5. Eugene defeats the French before Turin, and raises the siege, Sep tember 7. Invasion of Saxony by Charles XII., September 16. Peace of Altranstadt, between Charles XII. and Frederick Augus tus, who renounces the throne of Poland, September 24. Milan entered by English and duke of Savoy, September 24. Birth of Franklin (died, 1790). Death of Bayle (born, 1647). Tindal s Rights of the Christian Church Asserted published (burnt by order of House of Commons, 1710). 1707. Act of Union passed by Scots parliament, January 16 ; by English parliament, March 6 ; comes into operation, May 1. Death of Aurungzebe, February 21. Battle of Almanza, April 14. Invasion of France by Eugene and the duke of Savoy, June 30. Toulon attacked by the allies, July 17. National flag of Great Britain appointed, July. Invasion of Russia by Charles XII., September. The kingdom of Naples subjugated by Imperialists, September 30. Execution of Patkul, October 10. First parliament of Great Britain meets, October 23. Capture of Lerida by the French, November 11. Calcutta made the seat of a presidency. Academy of Sciences, Berlin, founded. Watts s Hymns published. Birth of Linnaeus (died, 1778). Birth of Buffon (died, 1788). Birth of Fielding (died, 1754). Birth of Euler (died, 1783). 1708. Attempted descent on Scotland by the Pretender James, March. Suspension of Habeas Corpus Act, March-October. Ghent and Bruges surrender to the French, July. Battle of Oudenarde, July 11. Sardinia surrenders to Sir John Leake, August. Peter defeats the Swedes at Liesna, September 28. Death of Prince George of Denmark, October 28. Lille taken by the allies, Octo ber ; the citadyl surrenders, December. Birth of Haller (died, 1777). Birth of Chatham (died, 1778). 1709. Alliance against Charles XII., June-October. Tournay taken by Marlborough and Eugene, June 30. Battle of Pultowa, the power of Sweden broken, July 8. Charles XII. retires to Bender. Frederick Augustus restored to throne of Poland, July. Battle of Malplaquet, September 11. Siege of Mons by the allies, September 25 ; surrender, October 20. First Barrier Treaty be tween Great Britain and States-General of Holland, October 29. Birth of Johnson (died, 1784). 1710. Port Royal buildings demolished by decree of Louis XIV., January. Trial of Dr Sacheverell, February-March. The Danes driven out of Sweden by Stenbock, March 10. Conferences of Gertruydenberg open, March ; close, July. Douay taken by the allies, June 26. Battle of Saragossa, August 20. Charles III. enters Madrid, September 28. The sultan declares war on the czar, November. Philip V. restored, December. Conquest of Carelia and Livonia. The South Sea Company founded. Berkeley s Principles of Human Knowledge published. Leibnitz s Tliiudicee. Matthew Henry s Exposition of the Old and New Testaments. Birth of Thomas Reid (died, 1796). Birth of Pergolesi (died, 1736). 1711. Peter declares war against Turkey, January 25. Girona taken by the French, January 31. Death of the dauphin, April 14. Death of the Emperor Joseph, April 18. English expedition against Canada, May to October. Harley Lord High Treasurer, May. Peter compelled to make peace with the Turks, July 21. Marlborough takes Bouchain, August. Charles III. quits Spain, September, and is elected emperor (Charles VI.), October 12. Marlborough deprived of all his offices, December. The Spectator published (1711-1712 and 1714). Birth of Hume (died, 1776). Birth of Kaunitz (died, 1794). 1712. The Duke of Ormond appointed commander-in-chief of British forces, January 1. Conferences for peace opened at Utrecht, January 29. Quesnoy taken by Eugene, July 4. Suspension of arms between England and France, July 17. Siege of Landrecies by Imperialists; raised by the French, August 21. Philip V. renounces his claim to crown of France, November. Birth of J. J Rousseau (died, 1778). 1713. Altona burnt by General Stenbock, January 9. Second Barrier Treaty, January 30. Frederick William I. king of Prussia, February 25. The peace of Utrecht, March 31. Pragmatic Sanc tion published by the emperor, April 13. Stenbock surrenders to- the allies, May 16. Clarendon Press, Oxford, established. Hercu- laneum discovered. Birth of Diderot (died, 1784). Birth of Sterne (died, 1768). Birth of Lacaille (died, 1762). 1714. Peace of Rastadt between France and the emperor, March 6. George I. king of England, August 1. Marriage of Philip V. with Elizabeth Farnese, September 16. Escape of Charles XII. to Sweden, November. Birth of Vattel (died, 1767). Birth of Whitefield (died, 1770). Imperial Library, St Peters burg, founded. 1715. War renewed between Sweden and Prussia, April. Im peachment of Bolingbroke, Oxford, and Ormond, June. The Riot Act passed, July 20. Louis XV. king of France, September 1. The regency seized by duke of Orleans. Jacobite Rebellion, Jnmes
III. proclaimed by earl ot Mar at Braemar, September 6. Ministry