754 CHRONOLOGY [1808-1875. stitutioii restored, February 7. First passage of a ship through the Suez Canal, February 17. Feuian agitation in Ireland, Feb ruary-March. Nebraska admitted a State of the Union, March 1. Cession of Russian America to United States, March 13. Evacua tion of Mexico by the French, March 16. International Exhibition at Paris opened, April 1 (closed, November 3). Dominion of Canada constituted, March 29. Coronation of the emperor and empress of Austria as king and queen of Hungary, at Pesth, June 8. The Livingstone search expedition sails from England, June 9. The emperor Maximilian of Mexico shot at Queretaro, June 19. North German constitution promulgated, June 25. Sultan visits Paris, June 30; London, July 12. New Reform Bill passed for England, August 15 (for Scotland and Ireland, July 13, 1868). Death of Faraday, August 25 (born, 1791). Prussian garrison withdrawn from Luxembourg, September 8. First detachmentfof British expedition against Abyssinia leaves Aden, September 28. Juarez re-elected president of Mexico, October. Garibaldi occupies Monte Rotondo, and threatens Rome, October 26. French troops enter Rome. October 30. Italian troops pass Roman frontier, October 30. Garibaldi defeated at Montana, November 3 ; arrested, November 4. Annexation of Cochin China to France. Chaucer Society established in London. First vol. of Freeman s Norman Conquest published (completed, 1876). 1868. Death of Brewster, February 10 (born, 1781.) Occupation of Asuncion, Paraguay, by the allies, February 21. Resignation of Lord Derby, February 25. Impeachment of President Johnson, February 25. Magdala bombarded and taken by Sir R. Napier, King Theodore killed, April 13. Death of Marshal Jarvaez, April 23 (born, 1800). Death of Lord Brougham, May 7 (born, 1779). Samarcaud occupied by Russians, May 14. Death of ex- president Buchanan, June 1 (born, 1791). Prince Michael III. of Servia assassinated at Belgrade, June 10 ; Milan Obrenovich proclaimed prince, July 2. Humaita evacuated by Paraguayans, June 25. Cabul recovered by Shere Ali, August 14. Insurrection in Spain, September 18. Death of Dean Milman, September 24 (born, 1791.) Battle of Alcolea, September 28. Queen Isabella leaves Spain, September 30. General Prim received at Madrid, October 7. Death of Rossini, November 13 (born, 1792). Resig nation of Disraeli, December 2. The Gladstone ministry in office, December 9. Paraguayan army defeated and destroyed at Villeta, December 11. Lord Mayo, governor-general of India, December 20. 1869. Death of Lamartine, February 28 (born, 1792). General Grant president of United States, March 4. Hudson s Bay Territory ceded to the crown, April 9. Marshal Serrano regent of Spain, June 18. Irish Church Disestablishment Act passed, July 26. Valencia seized by Republicans, October 11 ; stormed by Government troops, October 16. Death of Sainte-Beuve, Oct 13 (born, 1804). Death of the earl of Derby, October 23 (born, 1799). Formal opening of the Suez Canal, November 17. Pacific Railway completed. Lecky s European Morals published. 1870. President Lopez, of Paraguay, defeated and killed at battle of Aquidaban, March 1. Death of Charles Dickens, June 9 (born, 1812). Abdication of Isabella II. of Spain, June 25. Spanish crown offered to Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern- Sigmaringen, July 4. Proposal denounced by French Government, July 6. Infallibility of the Pope voted by the Vatican Council, July 18. France declares war against Prussia, July 19. Abrogation of the concordat with Austria, July 30. The Irish Land Act passed, August 1. Attack on Saarbriick by the French, August 2. French defeated at AVoerth and Speichern, August 6. Elementary Education Act for England and Wales passed, August 9. Fall of the Ollivier ministry in France, August 9 ; Count Palikao first minister. Defeat of French at Gravelotte, August 18. Battle of Sedan, September 1. Surrender of Napoleon to the king of Prussia ; capitulation of the French army, September 2. Revolution at Paris. Republic proclaimed, September 4. Flight of the empress. Italian troops enter Papal territory, September 17. Paris invested by Germans, Septembei 19. Rome occupied by Italian troops, September 20. Capi tulation of Strasburg, September 28. Versailles the head quarters of king of Prussia, October 5. Rome and the Papal States united to the kingdom of Italy, October 9. Orleans taken by General Von der Tann, October 11. Death of General R. E. Lee, October 13 (born, 1808). Fall of Metz, October 28. Communist insurrection at Paris, October 31. Russia throws off obligations of treaty of 1856 respecting neutrality of the Black Sea, October 31. Duke of Aosta elected king of Spain, November 16. Bavaria enters North German confederation, November 23. Death of Alexandre Dumas, December 5 (born, 1803). German empire declared, December 10. Tours surrendered, but not occupied by Ger mans, December 21. Marshal Prim shot at Madrid, December 28 ; died, 30. Mont Cenis tunnel completed. 1871. Le Mans occupied by Germans, January 12. King William of Prussia proclaimed emperor of Germany at Versailles, January 18. Battle of St Quentin, January 19. Bombardment of St. Denis begun, January 21. Capitulation of Paris, January 28. The army of Bourbaki interned in Switzerland, February 1. National Assembly meets at Bordeaux, February 12. M. Thiers chief of the executive, February 17. Preliminaries of peace signed, February 26 ; ratified, March 1. Paris entered by Germans, March 1 ; evacuated, March 3. Communist revolution at Paris, March 18. National Assembly meets at Versailles, March 20. The commune proclaimed at Paris, March 28. Capture of Herat, by Yakoob Khan, sou of Shere Ali, May 6. Treaty of Washington, May 8 (ratified, May 24). Definitive treaty of peace between France and Germany, May 10 (ratified, May 21). Trial of the Tichborne case in Common Pleas begins, May 11; ends, March 6, 1872. Death of Sir John Herschel, May 11 (born, 1792). Death of Auber, May 13 (born, 1784). Paris entered by Versailles army, May 22, The Tuileries, Louvre, Palais Royal, &c., burnt by communists, May 24. Archbishop of Paris shot, May 24. End of insurrection, May 23. Seat of Italian Government transferred to Rome, July 1. M. Thiers appointed president of the republic, August 31. Purchase system in British army abolished by Royal Warrant, July 20. Death of Paul de Kock, August (born, 1794). Formal opening of Mont Cenis tunnel, September 17. Slave emancipation bill passed by senate of Brazil, September 27. Chicago burnt, October 8-10. Alabama Arbitration Commission meets at Geneva, December 18 (award signed, September 14, 1872). British Columbia incorporated with Dominion of Canada. Darwin s Descent of Man published. George Eliot s M iddlemarch. 1872. Assassination of Lord Mu} r o in the Andaman Islands, February 8 (born, 1822). Lord Northbrook viceroy of India, February 22. Death of Giuseppe Mazziui, March 10, (born, 1805). Dutch possessions on the Gold Coast transferred to Great Britain, April 6. Carlist insurrection in Spain, April 22. Gieat eruption of Vesuvius, April 24-May 1. Expulsion of Jesuits by German Reichstag, June 19. Death of President Juarez, July 18 (born, 1809). The Ballot Act passed by English parliament, July 18. Extradition treaty between Great Britain and Belgium concluded, July 31. Japanese embassy arrives in England, August 17. Riots at Belfast, August 16-22. Death of Dr Merle d Aubigne, October 19 (born, 1794). Public gaming tables, Baden-Baden, closed, October 31. Commercial treaty between France and England, November 5. Island of San Juan evacuated by British troops, according to award of German Emperor, November 22. 1873. Death of Napoleon III. at Chiselhurst, January 9. Death of Lord Lytton, January 18 (born, 1805). Abdication of King Amadeus of Spain, February 11. Republican government adopted by the Cortes. General Grant president of United States (second term), March 4. International exhibition at Vienna opened, May 1. Death of Dr Livingstone, in Central Africa, May 4, (born 1813). Death of John Stuart Mill, May 8 (born, 1806). Resigna tion of M. Thiers; Marshal Macmahon president of the French Republic, May 24. Autonomy of Egypt conceded by the sultan, June 8. Khiva taken by Russians, June 10. The Ashautees defeated by the English at Elmina, June 13. Visit of the shah of Persia to England, June 18-July 5. First reception of foreign ministers by emperor of China at Pekin, June 29. Communist rising in Spain, July 10. Insurrection at Cartagena, July 14. Don Carlos re-enters Spain, July 16. New treaty of commerce between England and France signed, July 23. Payment of Alabama indemnity by England, September 9. Evacuation of French territory by Germans, September 16. Death of Sir Edwin Landseer, October 1 (born, 1802). Trial of Marshal Bazaine begins, October 6 ; he is sentenced, December 10. Encyclical letter of Pius IX. against "Old Catholics," November 21. Dutch expedition lands at Atchin, November 28. Death of Agassiz, December 15 (born, 1807). Supreme Court of Judicature Act passed. 1874. Coup d Etat at Madrid by General Pavia, January 3. Marshal Serrano head of the new Government. Surrender of Carta gena, January 12. Capture of Coomassie by Sir G. Wolseley, February 4. Death of Strauss, February 8, (born 1808). Resig nation of the Gladstone ministry, February 17. Mr Disraeli prime minister, February 18. The Tichborne claimant, after 188 days trial, is found guilty of perjury, February 28. Death of Charles Sumner, March 11 (born, 1811). Visit of the czar to England, May 13-21. Death of Van de Weyer, May 23, (born 1802). Marshal Concha killed in engagement with Carlists near Estella, June 28. Spain declared in a state of siege, July 19. Escape of Marshal Bazaine from prison, August 9. Death of Guizot, Sep tember 12 (born, 1787). Cession of Fiji Islands to England, September 30. Death of Tischendorf, December 7 (born, 1815). Prince Alphonso proclaimed king of Spain, December 30. Transit of Venus, December 9. Toughened glass invented. Supernatural Religion published. 1875. Deposition of the Gaikwar of Baroda, April 23 The Arctic expedition ("Alert" and "Discovery") sails from Portsmouth, May 29. Great floods at Toulouse, June 24 ; and at Buda, June 26. Citadel of Seo d Urgel, last Carlist fortress in Catalonia, surrendered, August 27. Occupation of Khokand by Russians, September 16. Prince of Wales sets out on visit to India, October 11. Purchase by England of Khedive s shares in Suez Canal announced, Novem
ber 26. Tennyson s Queen Mary published. (W. L. R. C.)