or third radical be a guttural, a helping Pathaḥ takes the place of the helping Seghôl, according to § 22 d, e.g. זֶ֫רַע seed, נֵ֫צַח eternity, פֹּ֫עַל work; but with middle ה or ח, note לֶ֫חֶם bread, רֶ֫חֶם (as well as רַ֫חַם) womb, אֹ֫הֶל tent, בֹּ֫הֶן thumb; so with final א, פֶּ֫רֶא a wild ass, &c.; with a middle guttural also the modification of the principal vowel ă to è does not occur, e.g. רַ֫הַב, נַ֫עַר, לַ֫חַץ (exceptions, again, לֶ֫חֶם, רֶ֫חֶם). On the inflexion, cf. § 93, Paradigm I, a–f, and the explanations. In חֵטְא sin, the א has wholly lost its consonantal value.
[b] Examples of feminines: מַלְכָּה (directly from the ground-form malk, king), סִתְרָה a covering (also סֵ֫תֶר), אָכְלָה food (also אֹ֫כֶל); with a middle guttural נַֽעֲרָה girl, טָֽהֳרָה purity (also טֹ֫הַר). Cf. § 94, Paradigm I.
[c] (b) From weak stems: (α) from stems ע״ן, e.g. אַף nose (from ʾănp, hence with formative additions, e.g. אַפִּי for ʾanpî, my nose); עֵז a she-goat (ground-form ʿĭnz); fem. חִטָּה wheat; (β) from stems ע״ע (§ 93, Paradigm I, l–n); פַּת a morsel, עַם people (so, when in close connexion with the next word; unconnected עָם; with article הָעָם, לָעָם, &c.); רַב in the sense of much, but רָב great, numerous (in close connexion also רַב); רָע evil, with the article in close connexion הָרַע, unconnected הָרָע; with the ă always lengthened to ā, יָם sea; fem. חַיָּה life, and with attenuation of the ă to ĭ, מִדָּה measure; from the ground-form qĭṭl, אֵם mother; fem. גִּזָּה a shearing; from the ground-form qŭṭl, חֹק statute, fem. חֻקָּה. (γ) from stems ע״וּ (Paradigm I, g and i); מָ֫וֶת death (from má-ut, the u passing into the corresponding consonant, as in תָּ֫וֶךְ middle) or contracted יוֹם day, שׁוֹט whip, שׁוֹר a bull; fem. עַוְלָה perverseness (also contracted עוֹלָה); from the ground-form qŭṭl, צוּר a rock; fem. סוּפָה a storm. (δ) from stems ע״י (Paradigm I, h); זַ֫יִת an olive-tree (with a helping Ḥireq instead of a helping Seghôl) from zá-it, the i passing into the corresponding consonant; or contracted חֵיק bosom, חֵיל 2 K 18 (elsewhere חַ֫יִל) host; fem. שֵׂיבָה grey hair; from the ground-form qĭṭl, דִּין judgement; fem. בִּינָה understanding. (ε) from stems ל״ה (Paradigm I, k); partly forms such as בֶּ֫כֶה weeping, הֶ֫גֶה murmuring, נֶ֫דֶה a present, קֶ֫צֶה the end, partly such as בְּכִי, אֲרִי a lion (ground-form băky, ʾăry); cf. also the forms from stems originally ל״ו, שָׂ֫חוּ swimming (ground-form săḥw); fem. שַׁלְוָה rest, גַּֽאֲוָה exaltation; from stems ל״י, אַלְיה a fat tail, and with attenuation of ă to ĭ שִׁבְיָה captivity, also שְׁבִית, formed no doubt directly from the masc. שְׁבִי with the fem. termination ת; from the ground-form qĭṭl, חֲצִי (from ḥĭṣy); fem. חֶדְוָה joy, עֶרְוָה and עֶרְוָה nakedness; from the ground-form qŭṭl, בֹּ֫הוּ (from bŏhw) waste, תֹּ֫הוּ emptiness; דְּלִי, for דֳּלִי, bucket; fem. אֳנִיָּה a ship (directly from אֳנִי a fleet).
[d] The masculines as well as the feminines of these segholate forms may have either an abstract or a concrete meaning. In the form קֹ֫טֶל the passive or at any rate the abstract meaning is by far the more common (e.g. נֹ֫עַר youthfulness, abstract of נַ֫עַר boy; אֹ֫כֶל food, &c.).[1]
- ↑ M. Lambert also (REJ. 1896, p. 18 ff.), from statistics of the Segholates, arrives at the conclusion that the qaṭl-form is especially used for concretes (in nouns without gutturals he reckons twenty concretes as against two abstracts), and the qiṭl-form, and less strictly the quṭl, for abstracts.
