[e] 2. Nouns with one of the three short vowels under the second radical (present ground-form qeṭăl, qeṭŭl, qeṭŭl), e.g. דְּבַשׁ honey, דְּוַי sickness, חֲתַת terror; and so always with middle א, בְּאֵר a well, זְאֵב a wolf, בְּאֹשׁ stench. In reality these forms, like the segholates mentioned in No. 1 (see above, § 84a a), are, probably, for the most part to be referred to original dissyllabic forms, but the tone has been shifted from its original place (the penultima) on to the ultima. Thus dibáš (originally dı́baš) as ground-form of דְּבַשׁ is supported both by the Hebrew דִּבְשִׁי (with suffix of the first person), and by the Arabic dibs, the principal form; biʾír (according to Philippi with assimilation of the vowel of the second syllable to that of the first) as ground-form of בְּאֵר is attested by the Arabic biʾr; for בְּאשׁ (Arabic buʾs) similarly a ground-form buʾúš may be inferred, just as a ground-form qŭṭŭl underlies the infinitives of the form קְטֹל.[1]
II. Nouns with an original Short Vowel in both Syllables.
[f] 3. The ground-form qăṭăl, fem. qăṭălăt, developed in Hebrew to קָטָל (§ 93, Paradigm II, a, b) and קְטָלָה (§§ 94, 95, Paradigm II, a, b), mostly forms intransitive adjectives, as חָכָם wise, חָדָשׁ new, יָשָׁר upright; but also substantives, as דָּבָר a word, and even abstracts, as אָשָׁם guilt, רָעָב hunger, שָׂבָע satiety; in the fem. frequently abstract, as צְדָקָה[2] righteousness; with an initial guttural אֲדָמָה earth.—Of the same formation from verbs ע״ע are בָּדָד alone, עָנָן cloud; passive חָלָל pierced.—In verbs ל״ה a final Yôdh is almost always rejected, and the ă of the second syllable lengthened to è. Thus שָׂדַי field, after rejection of the י and addition of ה as a vowel-letter, becomes שָׂדֶה (cf. § 93, Paradigm II, f); fem. e.g. שָׁנָה year; cf. § 95, Paradigm II, c. From a verb ל״ו the strong form עָנָו afflicted occurs.
[g] 4. The ground-form qăṭĭl, fem. qăṭĭlăt, developed to קָטֵל (§ 93, Paradigm II, c–e) and קְטֵלָה, is frequently used as participle of verbs middle e (§ 50 b), and hence mostly with an intransitive meaning; cf. זָקִן old, an old man; כָּבֵד heavy; fem. בְּהֵמָה cattle, אֲפֵלָה and חֲשֵׁכָה darkness.—From verbs פ״י: irregularly, דָּֽלִיּוֹתָיו the branches of it, Jer 11, &c., generally referred to a sing. דָּלִית (stem דלה), and הָֽרִיּוֹתָיו Ho 14 (from הָרָה, st. constr. הֲרַת, plur. st. absol. and constr. הָרוֹת).—From a verb ל״ו with consonantal Wāw: שָׁלֵו at ease, incorrectly written plene שָׁלֵיו Jb 21.
[h] 5. The ground-form qăṭŭl, developed to קָטֹל (also written קָטוֹל), generally forms adjectives, e.g. אָיֹם terrible, בָּרֹד piebald, מָתוֹק sweet, נָקֹד speckled, עָבֹת interwoven, עָגֹל round, עָמֹק deep, עָקֹב hilly, צָהֹב golden; קָטֹן small, only in sing. masc., with a parallel form קָטָן of the class treated under f, fem. קְטַנָּה, plur. קְטַנִּים. These forms are not to be confounded with those in No. III, from
- ↑ On this theory cf. Stade, Hebräische Grammatik, § 199 b; De Lagarde, Übersicht, p. 57 f.; A. Müller, ZDMG. xlv, p. 226, and especially Philippi, ZDMG. xlix, p. 208.
- ↑ In St. Jerome’s time these forms were still pronounced ṣadaca (צְדָקָה), ṣaaca (צְעָקָה), nabala (נְבָלָה), &c., see Siegfried, ZAW. iv. 79. Moreover, the numerous abstracts of this form (e.g. even קְצָפָה a splintering, צְוָחָה a crying, &c.) are undoubtedly to be regarded (with Barth, Nominalbildung, p. 87) as feminines of infinitives of the form qăṭâl, the lengthening of the second syllable being balanced, as in other cases, by the addition of the feminine termination.
