CONTENTS. CHAPTER XXXI. GRECIAN AFFAIRS AFTER THE EXPULSION OF THE PEISISTRATIIW. REVOLUTION OF KLEISTHENES AND ESTABLISHMENT OF DEMOCaACl AT ATHENS. State of Athens after the expulsion of Hippias. Opposing party-leaders Kleisthenes Isagoras. Democratical revolution headed by Kleis- thenes. Rearrangement and extension of the political franchise. Suppression of the four old tribes, and formation of ten new tribes, in- cluding an increased number of the population. Imperfect description of this event in Herodotus its real bearing. Grounds of opposition to it in ancient Athenian feeling. Names of the new tribes their rela- tion to the demes. Demos belonging to each tribe usually not adjacent to each other. Arrangements and functions of the deme. Solonian constitution preserved, with modifications. Change of military arrange- ment in the state. The ten strategi, or generals. The judicial assem- bly of citizens, or Helioea, subsequently divided into fractions, each judg- ing separately. The political assembly, or ekklesia. Financial ar- rangements. Senate of Five Hundred. ekklesiae, or political assem- bly. Kleisthen6s the real author of the Athenian democracy. Judicial attributes of the people their gradual enlargement. Three points in Athenian constitutional law, hanging together : Universal admissihility of citizens to magistracy choice by lot reduced functions of the magistrates chosen by lot. Universal admissibility of citizens to the archonship not introduced until after the battle of Platse. Constitu- tion of Kleisthenes retained the Solonian law of exclusion as to individ- ual office. Difference between that constitution and the political state of Athens after Perikles. Senate of Areopagus. The ostracism. Weakness of the public force in the Grecian governments. Past vio- lences of the Athenian nobles. Necessity of creating a constitutional morality. Purpose and working of the ostracism. Securities against its abuse. Ostracism necessary as a protection to the early democracy afterwards dispensed with. Ostracism analogous to the exclusion of a known pretender to the throne in a monarchy. Effect of the long as- cendency of Perikles, in strengthening constitutional morality. Ostra- cism in other Grecian cities. Striking effect of the revolution of Kleis- thenes on the minds of the citizens. Isagoras calls in Kleomenes and the Lacedaemonians against it. Kleomenes and Isagoras are expelled from Athens. Recall of Kleisthenes Athens solicits the alliance of the Persians. First connection between Athens and Platoea. Disputes between Plataea and Thebes decision of Corinth as arbitrator. Sec- ond march of Kleomenes against Athens desertion of his allies. First appearance of Sparta as acting head of Peloponnesian allies. Signal successes of Athens against Boeotians and Chalkidians. Plan tation of Athenian settlers, or kleruchs, in the territory of Chalkis. Distress of the Thcbans they ask assistance from JEgma. The JEginetans make war on Athens. Preparations at Sparta to attack Athens anew the Spartan allies are summoned, together with Hippias. First formal convocation at Sparta advance of Greece towards n political system. Proceedings of the convocation animated protest of Corinth against any interference in favor of Hippias the Spartan allies refuse to interfere. Aversion to single-headed rule now predominanl
