PHILIP'S MILITARY FORCE. 303 cisive, and ruinous to the vanquished ; moreover, we cannot doubi that the Macedonian phalanx, with the other military improve- ments and manoeuvres which Philip had been gradually organiziny since his accession, was now exhibited in formidable efficiency The King of Macedon had become the ascendent soldier and potentate, hanging on the skirts of the Grecian world, exciting fears or hopes, or both at once, in every city throughout its limits. In the first Philippic of Demosthenes, and in his oration against Aristokrates, (delivered between midsummer 352 B. c. and mid- summer 351 B.C.), we discern evident marks of the terrors which Philip had come to inspire, within a year after his repulse from Thermopylae, to reflecting Grecian politicians. " It is impossible for Athens (says the orator 1 ) to provide any land-force competent to contend in the field against that of Philip." The reputation of his generalship and his indefatigable activity was already everywhere felt ; as well as that of the officers and soldiers, partly native Macedonians, partly chosen Greeks, whom he had assembled round him, 3 especially the lochages or front- rank men of the phalanx and the hypaspistoe. Moreover, the excellent cavalry of Thessaly became embodied from hence- forward as an element in the Macedonian army ; since Philip had acquired unbounded ascendency in that country, from his expulsion of the Pheraean despots and their auxiliaries the Phokians. The philo-Macedonian party in the Thessalian cities had constituted him federal chief (or in some sort Tagus) of the country, not only enrolling their cavalry in his armies, but also placing at his dispo- sal the customs and market-dues, which formed a standing com- mon fund for supporting the Thessalian collective administration. 3 The financial means of Philip, for payment of his foreign troops, 1 Demosthenes, Philippic i. p. 46. s. 26. (352-351 B. c.) Compare Philippic iii. p. 124. s. 63. 3 Demosthenes, Olynth. ii. p. 23. s. 17. (delivered in 350 B. c.) Oi 6k )}/ nepl avTov ovref EVOI KOI ire&Tuipoi 66av uev Kal %ovaiv &<; eiai tiavu- narol Kal ffv~/KeicpOTi/UVOi TU TOV irofauov, etc. 3 Demosthenes cont. Aristokrat. p. 657. s. 133 (352-351 B. c) ; also De- mosthen. Olynth. i. p. 15. s.23. (349 B. C.) ?/KOVOV d' yuye TIVUV uf oiidl Tti>e /U'//vaf Kal TUG uyopac KTI 6uaoiev aiircj Kapirovir&ai TU ydp KOIVU TU QerraXuv inrb TOVTUV 6ot dioiKelv, ov <bi7innroi> Ttaftflaveiv EL 61 TOVTUV u.TToaTepr/'&TjaeTai TUV XptffUtTUW, cif OTevdv noftidfj TU Tfjf Tpodirjc Tolt ain L> KU
