578 PHILOSOPHICAL PERIODICALS. data.] A. Vicholkovska. ' Illusions of Reversible Perspective.' [Eeport of experiments with plane and solid figures. The cause of inversion lies in the relation between the observed object and the central and periph- eral parts of the retina in which the image of the object is produced. Any proceeding will occasion inversion which facilitates the passage of the rays from an object once on the central part to another on the peripheral part of the retina (change of accommodation, change of fixa- tion, reflex changes in ophthalmometrical experiments, etc.).] AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY. Vol. xvii., No. 3. I. M. Bentley. 'The Psychology of Organic Movements.' [Organic movements offer a variety of problems to psychology, demanding detailed treatment. Theories, however, fall into two groups, emphasising either the motor conditions or the motor consequences of consciousness. The tendency of the former is toward a central psychophysical formulation ; but so little is here known that, while almost any theory will command attention, none brings proof or receives widespread assent. The tendency of the latter is (especially in America) toward reactionisrn : their weakness consists in their appeal to an ill-defined and faculty-like attention.] J. P. Porter. ' The Habits, Instincts, and Mental Powers of Spiders : Genera Argiope and Epeira.' [Review of literature ; methods of study; choice of place for web, nest and materials of nest ; mode of web con- struction ; quantitative measure of variability of instinct (number of elements in parts of webs) ; time of web-spinning, and stimulus to web- construction ; feeding habits and intelligence : web-shaking instinct ; vision ; mating instinct in Argiope ; tropisms vs. plasticity in instinct ; bibliography.] S. P. Hayes. ' A Study of the Affective Qualities. I. The Tridimensional Theory of Feeling.' [An attempt to test the Wundtian theory by extending the method of paired comparisons to affective judgments of all three dimensions. Experiments with har- monical clangs and metronome beats. The pleasantness-unpleasantness responses were direct ; there was no evidence of a plurality of these qualities. Strain may be identified with unpleasantness, on its affective side. Less direct were the judgments of excitement, depression and re- laxation : these were either associatively motived or given on the basis of pleasantness or unpleasantness.] A. L. G-esell. 'Accuracy in Hand- writing, as related to School Intelligence and Sex.' [Accuracy of hand- writing in pupils of elementary grade tends to vary directly with school intelligence. Sex differences in writing become marked at about the age of ten, and are largely attributable to mental factors.] E. Foster and E. A. McC. Gamble. 'The Effect of Music on Thoracic Breathing.' [In listening to music, breathing becomes rapid and shallow, as in mental application, but remains irregular. That is, attention rises, but does not become proportionately stable.] Psychological Literature. Book Notes. JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY, PSYCHOLOGY AND SCIENTIFIC METHODS, III., 5. G. A. Tawney. 'The Nature of Consistency.' [Discusses logical, metaphysical and psychological aspects of the term together, confus- edly]. K. Gordon. 'Feeling as the Object of Thought.' [Feeling is the ' other ' thought points to, and no further ' absolute ' is needed. ' For why should the real other of thought be any better or more real than thought itself ? '] W. P. Montague. ' The Meaning of Identity, Simi- larity and Nonentity.' [A criticism of the ' logical puzzles ' in Russell's article ' On Denoting ' in MIND, N. S., 56. The first two arise from ignor- ing differences in the universes of discourse ; the third assumes also that affirmative judgments may be made about nonentities.] III., 6. J. D. Stoops. 'The Moral Individual.' ['The problem of human life is to
