they are all perfected by certain assumptions, and that an universal conclusion either negative or affirmative, cannot be drawn from this figure.
Chapter 7
In all the figures it appears that when a syllogism is not produced, both terms being affirmative, or negative, (and particular,) nothing, in short, results of a necessary character; but if the one be affirmative and the other negative, the negative being universally taken, there is always a syllogism of the minor extreme with the major. For example, if A is present with every or with some B, but B is present with no C, the propositions being converted, C must necessarily not be present with some A; so also in the other figures, for a syllogism is always produced by conversion: again, it is clear that an indefinite taken for a particular affirmative, will produce the same syllogism in all the figures.
Moreover it is evident that all incomplete syllogisms are completed by means of the first figure, for all of them are concluded, either ostensively or per impossibile, but in both ways the first figure is produced: being ostensively completed, (the first figure is produced,) because all of them were concluded by conversion, but conversion produces the first figure: but if they are de-
