Contents IX CHAPTER PAGE XII. The German Invasions and the Break-up of the Roman Empire 51. Founding of Kingdoms by Barbarian Chiefs . . . . 315 52. Kingdom of the Franks 325 53. Results of the Barbarian Invasions 329 XIII. The Rise of the Papacy 54. The Christian Church 334 55. Origin of the Power of the Popes 340 XIV. The Monks and their Missionary Work; the Mohammedans 56. Monks and Monasteries 348 57. Missionary Work of the Monks 355 58. Mohammed and his ReHgion 358 59. Conquests of the Mohammedans ; the Caliphate . . 364 XV. Charlemagne and his Empire 60. Conquests of Charlemagne 369 61. Establishment of a Line of Emperors in the West , 376 62. How Charlemagne carried on his Government . . . 377 XVI. The Age of Disorder; Feudalism 63. The Disruption of Charlemagne's Empire .... 381 64. The Medieval Castle 387 65. The Serfs and the Manor 394 (id. The Feudal System 397 67. Neighborhood Warfare in the Middle Ages .... 401 XVII. England in the Middle Ages 68. The Norman Conquest 405 69. Henry II and the Plantagenets 411 70. The Great Charter and the Beginnings of Parliament 419 71. Wales and Scotland 423 72. The Hundred Years' War 426 XVIII. Popes and Emperors 73. Origin of the Holy Roman Empire 438 74. The Church and its Property 440 75. Powers claimed by the Popes 446 76. Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV 447 77. The Hohenstaufen Emperors and the Popes . . . 452
