X Outlines of European History CHAPTER PAGE XIX. The Crusades 78. Origin of the Crusades 460 79. The First Crusade 464 80. Religious Orders of the Hospitalers and Templars . 468 81. The Second and Later Crusades 470 82. Chief Results of the Crusades 472 XX. The Medieval Church at its Height 83. Organization and Powers of the Church 475 84. The Heretics and the Inquisition 481 85. The Franciscans and Dominicans 484 86. Church and State 489 XXI. Medieval Towns — their Business and Buildings 87. The Towns and Guilds 497 88. Business in the Later Middle Ages 502 89. Gothic Architecture 509 90. The Itahan Cities of the Renaissance 516 91. Early Geographical Discoveries 526 XXII. Books and Science in the Middle Ages 92. How the Modern Languages originated 533 93. The Troubadours and Chivalry 538 94. Medieval Science 54^ 95. Medieval Universities and Studies 544 96. Beginnings of Modern Inventions 549 97. The Art of the Renaissance 558 XXIII. Emperor Charles V and his Vast Realms 98. Emperor Maximilian and the Hapsburg Marriages . 562 99. How Italy became the Battleground of the European Powers 568 100. Condition of Germany when Charles V became Emperor 574 XXIV. Martin Luther and the Revolt of Germany against the Papacy Id. The Question of Reforming the Church: Erasmus . 578 102. How Martin Luther revolted against the Papacy . . 582 103. The Diet at Worms, 1 520-1 52 1 593
