This page needs to be proofread.
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
Concept and History
- Hilgard, 1906 8
- Clements, 1910 9
- Shantz, 1911 10
- Kearney, Briggs, Shantz, McLane, and Piemeisel, 1914 11
- Shantz and Piemeisel, 1917 12
- Shantz and Aldous, 1917 13
- Weaver, 1919 13
Forest Indicators
- Cajander, 1909 14
- Clements, 1910 14
- Pearson. 1913-1914 15
- Zon, 1915 16
- Hole and Singh, 1916 16
- Korstian, 1917 17
Grazing Indicators
- Smith, 1899 19
- Bentley. 1902 20
- Griffiths, 1901, 1904, 1907, 1910, 1915.... 21
- Sampson, 1908, 1909, 1913, 1914 22
- Jardine, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1913 23
- Wooton, 1915, 1916 23
- Jardine and Hurtt. 1917 24
- Jardine and Anderson, 1919 24
- Sarvis, 1919 25
Chresard and Water Requirement Studies
- Significance 26
- The chresard 26
- Gain, 1895 26
- Kihlmann, 1890 27
- Briggs and Shantz, 1912 27
- The water requirement 28
Concept
- General 28
- Animals as indicators 29
- Plant and community 29
- Sequences 30
- Direct and indirect sequences 31
- Direction of indication 32
- Scope 32
- Materials 33
- Basing studies 34
Bases and Criteria
Bases and Methods of Determination
- Fundamental relations 35
The Physical Basis
- Direct and indirect factors 36
- Controlling and limiting factors 36
- Climatic and edaphic factors 37
- Climates and habitats 38
- Variation of climate and habitat 39
- Inversion of factors 40
- Measurement of habitats 42
The Physiological Basis
- Kinds of response 43
- Effect of habit 43
- Individuality in response 44
- Effect of extreme conditions 44
- Phytometers 46
The Associational Basis
- Nature of association 47
- Dominants 47
- Equivalence of dominants 48
- Absence of dominants 49
- Subdominants 50
- Secondary species 51
- Plant and animal association 51
The Successional Basis
- Scope 51
- Sequence of indicators 52
- Major successions as indicators 53
The Experimental Basis
- Nature 53
- Essentials 54
Indicator Criteria
- Nature and kinds of criteria 55
- Species and genera 65
Life-Forms.
- History 57
- Pound and Clements, 1898-1900 57
- Raunkiaer, 1905 58
- Warming. 1908 69
- Drude. 1913 60
- Comparison of the systems 62
- Vegetation-forms 62
- Indicator significance of vegetation-forms 63
Habitat-Forms
- Concept and history 64
- Warming's system 64
- Modifications of Warming's system 65
- Indicator value 66
- Ecads 67
