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VIII
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
IV. Climax Formations of Western North America - Continued.
The Petran Chaparral-Continued.
Societies
- Vernal societies 187
- Estival societies 187
- Serotinal societies 187
The Subclimax Chapparral
Rhus-Quercus Associes.
- Nature 187
- Extent and contacts 188
- Groupings 189
- Relations of the dominants 189
Societies
The Coastal Chapparal
Adenostoma-Ceanothus Association
- Nature and extent 190
- Groupings 191
- Factor and seral relations 192
Societies
- Prevernal societies 193
- Vernal societies 193
- Estival societies 193
The Woodland Climax
Pinus-Juniperus Formation
- Nature 193
- Range and extent 194
- Unity of the formation 195
- Structure of the formation 196
- Contacts 197
The Pinon-Cedar Woodland
Pinus-Juniperus Association
- Nature and extent 197
Societies
- Shade societies 199
The Oak-Cedar Woodland
Quercus-Juniperus Aasociation
- Nature and extent 200
- Factor relations 201
Societies
- Shade societies 202
The Pine-Oak Woodland
Pinus-Quercus Aaaociation
- Nature and extent 202
The Montane Forest Climax
Pinus-Pseudotsuga Formation
- Nature 205
- Extent 205
- Unity of the formation 205
- Relationship and contacts 206
- Associations 207
The Petran Montane Forest
Pinus-Pseudotsuga Aaaociation
- Extent 207
- Groupings 208
- Factor relations 209
- Seral relations 209
Societies and Clans
The Sierra Montane Forest
Pinus Association
- Extent 211
- Groupings 212
- Factor and sersd relations 212
Societies
- Shrubs 213
- Herbs 214
The Coast Forest Climax
Thuja-Tsuga Formation
- Nature 214
- Extent 214
- Unity 215
- Relationship and contacts 215
- Associations 216
The Cedar-Hemlock Forest
Thuja-Tsuga Association
- Nature and extent 217
- Groupings 217
- Factor and seral relations 218
Societies
- Shrubs 219
- Herbs 219
The Larch-Pine Forest
Larix-Pinus Association
- Nature and extent 219
- Groupings 220
- Factor and serai relations 220
Societies
The Subalpine Forest Climax
Picea-Abies Formation
- Nature 222
- Extent 222
- Unity 222
- Relationship and contacts 223
- Associations 224
The Petran Subalpine Forest
Picea-Abies Association
- Extent 224
- Groupings 225
- Factor and seral relations 225
