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CONTENTS.
IX
PAGE.
IV. Climax Formations of Western North America Continued.
The Sierran Subalpine Forest
Pinus-Tsuga Association
- Extent 226
- Groupings 227
- Factor and serai relations 228
Societies
The Alpine Meadow Climax
Carex-Poa Formation
- Nature 228
- Extent 229
- Unity 229
- Relationship and contacts 230
- Associations 231
The Petran Alpine Meadow
Carex-Poa Association
- Extent 232
- Dominants.
- Groupings 232
- Factor and seral relations 233
Societies
- Vernal societies 234
- Estival societies 234
The Sierran Alpine Meadow
Carex-Agrostis Association
- Extent 234
Dominants
- Groupings 235
- Factor and seral relations 235
Societies
Agricultural Indicators
- General relations 237
Land Classification
- Nature 237
- Relation to practices 238
- Proposed bases of classification 238
- The indicator method of land classification 240
- Use of climax indicators 240
- Soil indicators 241
- Shantz's results 242
A System of Land Classification
- Bases 245
- Classification and use 245
- Methods 246
Climatic Cycles
- Nature 247
- The 11-year cycle 247
- Evidences 248
- Periods of drought 250
- Recurrence of drought periods 251
- Significance of the sun-spot cycle 252
- Prediction of drought periods 253
- Utilization of cycles 254
Farming Indicators
- Types of farming 255
- Relation of types of farming to indicators 255
- Edaphic indicators of types of farming 256
Crop Indicators
- Nature and kinds 257
- Climatic indicators of the types of crops 258
- Climatic indicators of kinds of crops 259
- Climatic indicators of varieties 259
- Life zones and crop zones 260
- Edaphic indicators of crops and methods 261
- Indicators of native or ruderal forage crops 262
Agricultural Practice and Climatic Cycles
- Cycles of production 262
- The excess-deficit balance 264
- Anticipation of cycles 266
Grazing Indicators
- Kinds of grazing 270
Grazing Types
- Kinds of grazing indicators 271
- Significance of climax types 272
- Formations as indicators 273
- Associations as indicators 273
- Consociations as indicators 274
- Local grazing types 275
- Savannah as an indicator 276
- Kinds of savannah 278
- Savannah in relation to fire and grazing 279
- Significance of seral types 279
- Prisere communities as indicators 280
- Subsere communities as indicators 282
- Fire indicators and grazing 283
Carrying Capacity
- Nature and significance 284
- Determining factors 284
- Relation to communities and dominants 285
- Nutrition content 286
- Relation to climatic cycles 292
- Relation to rodents 293
- Relation to herd and management. 293
- Measurement of carrying capacity 294
- Present and potential carrying capacity 295
