Page:Plant indicators the relation of plant communities to process and practice.djvu/16

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CONTENTS.

PAGE.

VI. Grazing Indicators Continued.


Overgrazing

Nature 295
Causes 297
Indicators of Overgrazing 297
Societies as indicators 298
Halfshrubs as indicators 299
Cacti as indicators 300
Shrubs as indicators 300
Annuals as indicators 301
Prairie and plains indicators 302
Desert plains indicators 302
Bunch-grass prairie indicators 303
Great Basin indicators 304
Overgrazing in the past 304
Succession and cycles 307
Relation of tall-grasses and short-grasses 308
Overgrazing cycles 309

Range Improvement

History 310
Prerequistes 311
Essential factors 312
Proper stocking 312
Rotation grazing 314
Rodent eradication 316
Eradication of poisonous plants 317
Eradication of weeds and cacti 319
Eradication of brush 320
Manipulation of the range 321
Plant introduction on the range 322
Prerequisites for seeding and planting 324
New investigations 326
Forage development 327
Water development 328
Herd management 329

Essentials of a Grazing Policy

A proper land system 330
Essentials 330
The Kent grazing bill 331
Classification and range surveys 334
Production cycles 334
Ranch management surveys 335

Forest Indicators

Nature 336
Kinds of indicators 336

Forest Types

Bases 337
Comparison of views 342
Forest sites 343
Succession as a basis 344
Significance 345

Climatic and Edaphic Indicators

Climatic indicators 345
Edaphic indicators 348
Water-content indicators 348
Light indicators 349
Site indicators 349
Growth as an indicator 360
Burn indicators 353
Grazing indicators 355
Cycle indicators 367

Planting Indicators

Kinds 357
Prerequisites for planting and sowing 358
Use of climatic cycles 359
Reforestation indicators 369
Afforestation indicators 362

Bibliography 364

Index 375