mixture of air and gas immediately after the explosion and it may be from 1,200° to 1,700° C. on the absolute scale; and the temperature is reduced by expansion to perhaps half this value. The temperature and pressure of the steam which is supplied to a steam engine is seldom higher than 190° C. (463° on the absolute scale) and about 175 pounds per square inch, respectively. Any higher temperature and pressure involves a great deal of danger in the boiler. The lowest condenser temperature in steam engine practise is about 50° C. (323° on the absolute scale).
The sweeping processes which take place in a steam engine are as follows:
(a) Friction between the moving parts of the engine. This friction results in the immediate reconversion into heat of a portion of the mechanical energy developed by the engine.
(b) Wire drawing. If the pipes and passages traversed by the steam through the boiler to the engine are small, the pressure in the cylinder with open ports will be lower than boiler pressure, so that the entering steam passes from a region of high pressure into a region of low pressure. Also as the cut-off valve closes, steam will rush into the cylinder through a narrowing aperture. This effect is called wire drawing, and to provide against loss of efficiency from this cause the pipes must be of ample size and the cut-off valve must operate very quickly.
(c) Radiation. The cooling of pipes and cylinders by the giving of heat to surrounding cooler bodies is a sweeping process, and is to be obviated as much as possible by covering the pipes and the cylinder with a thick coating of porous insulating material.
(d) Cylinder condensation. As a charge of steam in the cylinder expands it cools and cools the cylinder and piston, so that when steam is next admitted it heats cylinder and piston up again and is itself cooled. This effect can not be eliminated, but it can be largely reduced by providing separate passages for the ingress and egress of steam; and by using a series of cylinders of increasing size of which the smallest cylinder takes steam directly from the boiler and exhausts into the next large cylinder, which in turn exhausts into a still larger cylinder, and so on. In this way the range of temperature in each cylinder is small and the effects of cylinder condensation are greatly reduced. A steam engine in which expansion of the steam takes place in two stages (in two cylinders) is called a compound engine. An engine in which the expansion of the steam takes place in three stages (in three cylinders) is called a triple expansion engine.
The loss of efficiency due to cylinder condensation is greatly reduced by the use of superheated steam because the exchange of heat between the steam and the cylinder walls is very greatly reduced when the steam
