does not condense. Thus, S. LeRoy Brown has found that heat is imparted to a metal surface about twenty-four times as fast by condensing steam than by a gas at the same temperature.
(e) Effect of high piston velocity. If the piston speed is too great, the pressure of the expanding steam becomes ineffective because the portions of the steam near the moving piston are expanded and cooled before the remote parts of the steam are affected. This effect is negligible at the highest piston velocities which are mechanically feasible.
(f) Puffing. When the steam at the end of a stroke is still at a pressure which exceeds the pressure in the condenser (or which exceeds the pressure of the outside air when no condenser is used), it rushes through the exhaust port as a sharp puff. Puffing is to be avoided by sufficiently reducing the steam pressure by expansion in the cylinder.
The greatest items of waste in the ordinary sense of actual loss of heat are (a) the incomplete combustion of the fuel and (b) the carrying away of great quantities of heat in the flue gases. The economic use of fuel for the production of mechanical power requires, therefore, a properly designed furnace and intelligent and careful stoking to insure complete combustion, and it requires a sufficient exposure of boiler surface and frequent cleaning of the same to facilitate the flow of heat from the hot gases into the boiler.
The most pronounced sweeping process which intervenes between the completed combustion and the final exhaust of the steam is the flow of heat from the very high temperature of the fire in the furnace to' the moderately low temperature of the water in the boiler, and the greatest waste in the operation of the steam engine in the sense of loss of availability of heat for conversion into work is involved in this sweeping process, and it can hardly be avoided in the steam engine because of the danger involved in the generation of steam at very high pressure in a large boiler.
The best gas engines convert about 30 per cent, of the heat of the fuel into mechanical work. The best steam engines convert about 10 or 12 per cent, of the heat of the fuel into mechanical work. The ordinary run of steam engines convert only 4 or 5 per cent, of the heat of the fuel into mechanical work.
(This article is to be followed by a second article on entropy.)
