then, is strongest at the surface and decreases upwards. The eastward branch of the torque is a minimum at the surface and increases upwards. We have several times referred to the latitude of 33° north and south of the equator as separating the eastward branch from the westward branch of the torque, but it has now been indicated that at about 10,000 meters above the tropics the westward branch changes into an eastward branch of the torque. As a matter of fact the surface which separates the westward branch from the eastward branch spans the tropics in an arch resting on the ground at 33° of latitude and crossing the equator at 10,000 or 12,000 meters above it. Beneath this arch the western torque is included with its maximum motion at the bottom; above this arch with a broad base in each temperate zone rises the eastward torque in which the velocity increases upward and gradually overspreads the tropics in the higher elevations, the northern branch reaching southward, and the southern branch reaching northward in a comparatively thin shell till they touch somewhere above the equator. All this circulation therefore constitutes a complex vortex which can be referred to distinct mathematical laws. If the atmosphere were willing to circulate in this simple manner it would not be difficult to adapt our mathematical analysis to it, but unfortunately, instead of moving so that the branches of this torque remain intact and retain their theoretical individuality, there is a continual interchange or passage of currents from one branch to the other in a rather irregular way which it will be necessary more closely to examine.
The Circulation on the Rough Rotating Earth
The circulation which we have been describing might possibly be set up on a perfectly smooth globe having the size and shape of the earth, but the presence of continents and ocean areas, the mountain ranges stretching north and south on the American and east and west on the Euro-Asiatic continent, facilitate the breaking of these theoretical branches of the torque into great circulating masses which interplay among each other. It is evident that the Rocky Mountains of North America and the Cordilleras of South America tend to stop the westward currents in the tropics and the eastward currents in the temperate zones. On the other hand, the Himalaya range in Asia tends to hold the westward current in the tropical zone and the eastward current in the temperate zone. There are thus certain places, that is, certain longitudes, where the currents tend to curl from the tropics into the temperate zones. A conspicuous instance of this occurs in the United States, where there is a continual outpouring of warm air from the Gulf of Mexico over the Mississippi and central valleys of the United States. While the trade winds in the tropics tend to blow from the northeast, it is known that immense masses of air move
