from the tropics over the United States from the south, quite contrary to the general principle; and similarly, though not so conspicuously, a case is found in South America and south Africa. On the contrary, the warm air in the lower levels over the Indian Ocean, whose winds are called monsoons, simply beats upon the great mountain ranges to the northward of India without penetrating the temperate zone in Siberia. In this way certain great circulations called centers of action form in each hemisphere. There is one over the middle Atlantic Ocean; another over the middle Pacific Ocean of the northern hemisphere; and there are other corresponding centers of action in the southern hemisphere. These are especially well marked during the summer time when the ocean is cool and the land air is warm. In the winter time the tendency is to form centers of action over the land areas instead of over the ocean areas, but the process is much more irregular, and in the United States it is exhibited chiefly by a succession of cold waves which traverse the United States from west to east. Referring to the center of action over the middle Atlantic Ocean in summer, we know that the winds near the American side are from the south or southwest. On the Atlantic Ocean in latitude 35° to 40° north the winds are blowing eastward, and in latitudes 25° to 30° they are blowing westward; on the European side they are blowing from the northwest and north. The consequence is that the United States is bathed during the summer with warm, moist winds in the eastern half, and with warm, dry winds in the western half of the continent. In Europe, on the contrary, the northerly winds prevail, and it follows that the American continent is warm during the summer while Europe is cool, and this is the cause of the annual migration of tourists from America to Europe instead of from Europe to America. The control of the climate of Europe by the American Gulf Stream is a myth. As a matter of fact the European climate is controlled by the great currents of circulation referred to these centers of action.
More generally, warm masses of air find their way from the tropics into the temperate zones by very irregular paths, and cold masses find their way from the northern latitudes into the temperate zones by very irregular paths. A similar statement applies to the circulations of the southern hemisphere. The disturbances in the general circulation which are produced by the land and ocean areas make it well-nigh impossible to reduce meteorology to any simple scientific system. The irregularities produced by the interaction of these warm and cold masses are so great that the problem of forecasting seems to bid defiance to any clear classification. The eastward drift over the United States is, of course, the basis of any possible forecasts, and the irregularities caused by the interpenetration of the warm and cold masses, one after the other under the action of gravitation, produce
