8 MEANING
tion. It may even happen that the description of knowledge leads to the result that certain chains of thoughts, or operations, cannot be justified; in other words, that even the rational reconstruction contains unjustifiable chains, or that it is not possible to intercalate a justifiable chain between the starting-point and the issue of actual thinking. This case shows that the descriptive task and the critical task are different; although description, as it is here meant, is not a copy of actual thinking but the construction of an equivalent, it is bound by the postulate of correspondence and may expose knowledge to criticism.
The critical task is what is frequently called analysis of science; and as the term “logic” expresses nothing else, at least if we take it in a sense corresponding to its use, we may speak here of the logic of science. The well-known problems of logic belong to this domain; the theory of the syllogism was built up to justify deductive thinking by reducing it to certain justifiable schemes of operation, and the modern theory of the tautological character of logical formulas is to be interpreted as a justification of deductive thinking as conceived in a more general form. The question of the synthetic a priori, which has played so important a role in the history of philosophy, also falls into this frame; and so does the problem of inductive reasoning, which has given rise to more than one “inquiry concerning human understanding.” Analysis of science comprehends all the basic problems of traditional epistemology; it is, therefore, in the foreground of consideration when we speak of epistemology.
The inquiries of our book will belong, for the most part, to the same domain. Before entering upon them, however, we may mention a result of rather general character which has been furnished by previous investigations of this kind—a result concerning a distinction without which the
