§1. THE THREE TASKS 9
process of scientific knowledge cannot be understood. Scientific method is not, in every step of its procedure, directed by the principle of validity; there are other steps which have the character of volitional decisions. It is this distinction which we must emphasize at the very beginning of epistemological investigations. That the idea of truth, or validity, has a directive influence in scientific thinking is obvious and has at all times been noticed by epistemologists. That there are certain elements of knowledge, however, which are not governed by the idea of truth, but which are due to volitional resolutions, and though highly influencing the makeup of the whole system of knowledge, do not touch its truth-character, is less known to philosophical investigators. The presentation of the volitional decisions contained in the system of knowledge constitutes, therefore, an integral part of the critical task of epistemology. To give an example of volitional decisions, we may point to the so-called conventions, e.g., the convention concerning the unit of length, the decimal system, etc. But not all conventions are so obvious, and it is sometimes a rather difficult problem to find out the points which mark conventions. The progress of epistemology has been frequently furthered by the discovery of the conventional character of certain elements taken, until that time, as having a truth-character; Helmholtz’ discovery of the arbitrariness of the definition of spatial congruence, Einstein’s discovery of the relativity of simultaneity, signify the recognition that what was deemed a statement is to be replaced by a decision. To find out all the points at which decisions are involved is one of the most important tasks of epistemology.
The conventions form a special class of decisions; they represent a choice between equivalent conceptions. The different systems of weights and measures constitute a
