Opinion of the Court
rather than an IPO, there was no underwriter and no lockup agreement. 13 F. 4th, at 951 (Miller, J., dissenting). Accordingly, holders of preexisting unregistered shares were free to sell them to the public right away. See ibid. All told, Slack’s direct listing offered for purchase 118 million registered shares and 165 million unregistered shares.
Fiyyaz Pirani bought 30,000 Slack shares on the day Slack went public. He bought 220,000 additional shares over the next few months. When the stock price later dropped, Mr. Pirani filed a class-action lawsuit against Slack. In that suit, he alleged that Slack had violated §§11 and 12 of the 1933 Act by filing a materially misleading registration statement. Ibid.
Slack moved to dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim. Sections 11 and 12, Slack argued, authorize suit only for those who hold shares issued pursuant to a false or misleading registration statement. And this feature of the law, the company said, was dispositive in this case because Mr. Pirani had not alleged that he purchased shares traceable to the allegedly misleading registration statement. For all anyone could tell, he may have purchased unregistered shares unconnected to the registration statement and its representations about the firm’s business and financial health. Of course, Slack would go on to acknowledge that the 1934 Act allows investors to recover for fraud in the sale of unregistered shares upon proof of scienter. But, the company emphasized, Mr. Pirani had not sought to sue under that law.
Ultimately, the district court denied the motion to dismiss but certified its ruling for interlocutory appeal. 445 F. Supp. 3d, at 381, 384–385. The Ninth Circuit accepted the appeal and a divided panel affirmed. 13 F. 4th, at 945, 950. In dissent, Judge Miller argued that §§11 and 12 of the 1933 Act require a plaintiff to plead and prove that he purchased securities registered under a materially misleading registration statement, something Mr. Pirani had not
