446 SWITZERLAND.
this Academy, or ' Centralmilitiirschule,' there are special training schools for the various branches of the service, especially the artillery and the Scharfschutzen. The nomination of the officers, up to the rank of captain, is made by the cantonal governments, and above that rank by the Federal Council. At the head of the whole military organisation is a general commanding-in-chief, appointed, together with the chief of the staff of the army, by the Federal Assembly.
The total expenditure on account of the army was 2.384,347 francs, or 95,374/. in 1867, and 2,442.011 francs, or 97,680/!, in 1868. The expenses in the year 1868 were distributed as follows:—
Francs
Central military administration. . . . 119,716
Organisation of instruction .... 165,332
Pay of army instructors of all branches . . 1,756.231
War material 155,210
Frontier guards and fortifications . . . 17,860
Office of General eommanding-in-chief and staff 37.347
Construction of barracks. .... 140.447
Printing and advertising 33,975
Miscellaneous expenses ..... 7,003
m . , f 2,442.011
Total . . . . . I £97j68()
Not included in the above account is the maintenance of the Military School at Thun, which has a fund of its own, the annual income of which surpasses the expenditure.
The enlistment of citizens of the republic into foreign military service is forbidden by the terms of a law passed in 1849, under the penalty of loss of all civil rights.
Area and Population.
The Swiss Confederation was founded on the 1st January, 1308, by the 3 cantons of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwald. In 1353 it numbered 8 cantons, and in 1513 it was composed of 13 cantons. This old Confederation, of 13 cantons, was increased by the adherence of several subject territories, and existed till 1798, when it was re- placed by the Helvetic Republic, which lasted four years. In 1803, Napoleon I. organised a new Confederation, composed of 19 cantons, by the addition of St. Gall, Graublinden, Aargau, Thurgau, Tessin, and Vaud. This confederation was modified in 1815, when the number of cantons was increased to 22 by the admission of Wallis, Neuchatel, and Geneve. Three of the cantons are politically divided — Basel into Stadt and Land, or Town and Country ; Appenzell into Ausser
