JACQUEMART JACQUIER 503 diet XIII. annulled her former marriage, and in 1423 she married Gloucester, who at once de- manded her estates, and entered Hainaut with her with 5,000 troops to reclaim them. A challenge passed between the dukes of Glou- cester and Burgundy, and they agreed to settle the dispute by single combat. Both withdrew their troops, and Gloucester returned to Eng- land, leaving Jacqueline, at the entreaty of the citizens, in Mons. The duel was forbidden by the pope, and the duke of Brabant resuming the war, Jacqueline was treacherously given up by the citizens to her enemies. She was imprisoned in Ghent, but escaped in male attire on horseback by night, and fled to Holland, where she was welcomed, and sustained against the Burgundians in a war of two years. In 1426 the duke of Brabant died, and she resumed the title of duchess of Gloucester; but Glou- cester helped her little, and at length she made a treaty with the duke of Burgundy, making him her heir and guardian of her fortresses, and agreed not to marry without his consent, thus virtually disavowing her marriage with Gloucester, who soon publicly married Eleanor Cobham. In disregard of this treaty Jacque- line married in 1432 a private gentleman named Francis of Borselen, governor of Zealand. The duke of Burgundy arrested and imprisoned Borselen, and Jacqueline purchased his libera- tion by surrendering to Burgundy all her es- tates, reserving to herself only a small annuity. She died three years later without issue. JACQrEMART, Albert, a French author, born in Paris in 1808. At an early age he became a clerk in the ministry of finance, and in 1865 was made chief of bureau in the custom-house department. He was prominently connected with the universal exposition of 1867. His works include Histolre antique, industrielle et commercials de la porcelains (Lyons, 1861-'2), and Histoire de la ceramique (Paris, 1872; English translation by Mrs. Bury Palliser, "The History of Ceramic Art," with 1,000 illustrations, London, 1873). His son JULES FERDINAND, born in 1837, excels as an engi- neer, and has prepared many designs for some of his father's works. J U Ql KJIOM, Vletor, a French traveller and naturalist, born in Paris, Aug. 8, 1801, died in Bombay, Dec. 7, 1832. After studying botany under Adrien de Jussieu, he visited North America and Hayti. While in Hayti he planned a scientific voyage to the East Indies, and, laying his project before the directors of the museum of natural history, received the appointment of naturalist and traveller to that institution. Returning to France, and after- ward visiting England, he was elected fellow of the Asiatic society, and finally sailed from Brest in August, 1828. He arrived at Calcutta May 5, 1829, and, having acquired some knowl- edge of Indian languages, started on his trav- els by land, Nov. 20. After visiting some of the English provinces, he explored the Hima- laya mountains toward Thibet, and penetrated as far as Chinese Tartary. Returning, he was invited by Gen. Allard to the kingdom of La- hore, where Runjeet Singh received him with marked favor, and offered him the viceroyalty of Cashmere, but Jacquemont preferred to con- tinue his travels. He died of a disease con- tracted in his rumblings through the pestilen- tial forests of Salsette island. His Correspon- dance with his friends and relatives (2 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1834) is one of the most attractive and original books of travel ever published ; and the diary of his Voyage dans Vlnde pendant lei annees 1828 d 1832 (6 vols. 4to), published at the expense of the French government, em- bodies a large amount of valuable zoological and botanical observations. JACQL'ERIE, a French servile insurrection of the 14th century, called after its leader, Guil- laume Caillet, or Charlet, of Clermont, who assumed the name Jacques Bonhomme, which the barons had long derisively applied to the peasants on account of their meek submission to oppression. Smarting under the insolence and rapacity of the nobles and driven to de- spair by the burdens and vicissitudes of the war with England, and particularly by the disas- trous battle of Poitiers, the peasants rose in the vicinity of Beauvais, May 21, 1358, and the insurgents in various parts of the country speedily numbered more than 100,000, com- prising besides the poor peasantry some of the well-to-do middle classes. They destroyed over 200 castles and mansions, and spread ter ror far and wide. The duchess of Orleans and 300 other ladies sought refuge in Meaux. Here the insurgents were overwhelmed early in June by the troops of the nobles, who massa- cred their force of 9,000 men, and put to death the mayor of Meaux, who had enabled them to enter the town. The peasants never recov- ered from this disaster. Many of them surren- dered, and Jacques Bonhomme and his com- panions were treacherously tortured and slain by Charles the Bad, king of Navarre, who routed the rest of their followers. The insur- rection, though lasting barely three weeks, was attended with great horrors, upward of 20,000 peasants being killed, and for a long time they continued to be persecuted. See L'Hiitoire veritable de Jacques Bonhomme, by A. Thierry (published in the Censeur europeen, Paris, 1820) ; La Jacquerie, scenes feodales, by Prosper Me>im6e (1828); and H Moire de la Jacquerie, by Simeon Luce (1860). JACQUES CART1ER, a county of Quebec, Can- ada, occupying the W. portion of Montreal island; area, 87-J sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 11,179, of whom 9,766 were of French descent. It is mostly level, with a fertile and well cultivated soil. It is traversed by the Grand Trunk rail- way. Capital, Pointe Claire. .IN (Jl IKK. Nitotas, a French orthopedist, born at Troyes in 1790, died at Ervy, department of Aube, Oct. 13, 1859. He graduated at Paris in 1813, and became military surgeon in the campaigns of 1814. Subsequently he resided
