504 JACQUIN JAFFA at Ervy, and acquired fame in orthopedics by his work De Vemploi des may ens mecaniqueset gymnastiques dans le traitement des difformi- tes du systeme osseux (4 vols., Paris, 1831-'5), substituting pressure for extension, and by other kindred writings. J U'QI I V Nicolas Joseph von, baron, an Aus- trian botanist, born in Leyden, Feb. 16, 1727, died in Vienna, Oct. 24, 1817. lie was de- scended from a French family who had emi- grated to Holland, was a friend of Gronovius, and completed his studies in Paris under Jus- sieu, and in Vienna, where he settled. In 1753 the emperor Francis I. commissioned him to lay out the garden at Schonbrunn ; and from 1754 to 1759 he travelled in the West Indies and South America to collect new plants for it and for the imperial garden at Vienna. After his return he became professor in a provincial town, and subsequently he was professor of botany and chemistry at the university of Vien- na, and was raised to the nobility in 1806. He discovered about 50 new genera of plants, some of which bear his name. His principal works are: Selectarum Stirpium Americana- rum Ilistoria (fol., with 183 colored plates, Vienna, 1763 and 1781, and Mannheim, 1788); Hortut Botanieua Vindobonemii (fol., 1771, with 300 plates) ; Flora Austriacm (fol., 1773- '7, with 500 plates) ; Plantarum rariorum Ilorti Ccesarei Schainbrunnensis Descriptiones et Icones (9 vols. fol., 1797-1804); and Geni- talia Asclepiadearum Controversy published in 1811 in his 84th year. His son JOSEPH FRANZ (1767-1839) was professor of botany and chem- istry, and director of the botanical garden at Vienna, and the author of a manual of medi- cal chemistry which had several editions. JANE, or Jalnlc, a small navigable river of Germany, in the grand duchy of Oldenburg, which falls into Jade bay S. W. of the mouth of the Weser. This bay, which covers an area of 74 sq. m., was formed in 1511 by a tempest which inundated five parishes. A tract of land adjacent to the mouth of the Jade was pur- chased by Prussia from Oldenburg in 1853 for the purpose of constructing a war port, which in 1869 was opened in the presence of the king of Prussia. (See WILHELMSHAVEN.) The " Territory of Jade," which had an area of 1-31 sq. m. and in 1871 a population of 3,789, was administered by the Prussian admiralty till March 23, 1873, when it was incorporated with the Aurich district of the province of Hanover. JADE NEPHRITE, a mineral of variable com- position, chiefly consisting of silica, magnesia, and lime, used as an ornamental stone, for which it is adapted by its close texture and susceptibility of taking a fine polish. It is tough, translucent, of about the hardness of quartz, specific gravity 3, and of bluish, light green, or flesh color. It fuses with great diffi- culty into a white enamel. It is found with the metamorphic slates and limestones.- JADIN, Lonls Emmanuel, a French composer, born at Versailles, Sept. 21, 1768, died in Paris in July, 1853. He received instruction in mu- sic from his father and brother, and in 1802 became a professor at the Paris conservatory, and in 1814 governor of the king's musical pages. His compositions are very numerous, including 39 operas and operettas, many pieces for military orchestra, a great variety of cham- ber music for reed and stringed instruments, and compositions for piano alone. The whole number of his works was 74. Though popular in their day, they have fallen into oblivion. JADIN, Lonls Godefroy, a French painter, born in Paris in 1805. He first produced genre and historical pictures, but his reputation rests on his hunting pieces. His numerous representa- tions of packs of hounds are celebrated. JAELL, Alfred, a German pianist, born in Tri- este, March 5, 1832. His father was a violinist, and gave him his first instruction. At 11 years of age he was able to undertake a concert tour, appearing first in Italy and afterward in France. In 1848 he came to America, and during a resi- dence of several years in the United States ob- tained much reputation. Returning to Europe, he passed his time in concert giving in Ger- many, Russia, France, and Holland, and was appointed pianist to the king of Hanover. His compositions for piano number about 140, and are of considerable merit, consisting mainly of operatic transcriptions. Although he possesses great executive power and brilliancy, he is es- teemed a player of the second order. JAEN. I. A province of Spain, in Andalusia, bordering on New Castile, Murcia, Granada, and Cordova ; area, 5,184 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 392,100. The N. part is entirely filled with the ridges of the Sierra Morena ; the central is an irregular valley, in which several streams unite to form the Guadalquivir. The soil is fertile, but little cultivated. The province produces grain, wine, fruits, oil, honey, and various min- erals, and abounds in cattle and fine horses; silkworms are bred there. The trade, how- ever, is not extensive. Among the principal towns are Andujar, Alcala la Real, Baylen, and Ubeda. II. A fortified city, capital of the province, on the river Jaen, 40 m. N. of Granada ; pop. about 23,000. The new town stretches beyond the walls into the plain along the river. It has two cathedrals, the principal of which occupies the site of a Moorish mosque which was demolished in 1492. A new plaza de toros was built in 1847. Jaen has been a bishopric since the 13th century, when the Moors were expelled from the city. The place is poor notwithstanding its fertile environs. In 1808 it was sacked by the French. JAFFA, or Yafa (anc. Joppa; in the Hebrew Scriptures, Japho), a town and port of Pales- tine, 35 m. N. W. of Jerusalem ; pop. about 10,000, of whom 4,500 are Moslems, 5,000 Christians, and about 500 foreigners and Jews. It is picturesquely situated on a little rounded hill, dipping on the west into the Mediterranean, and surrounded on the land side by orchards ; the oranges are the finest of Syria. The town,
