586 JEFFERSON border wars, when it was strongly fortified, and was regarded, with the dense forest near by, as one of the chief Scottish strongholds. The great abbey was burned by the earl of Surrey in 1523, and again partially destroyed by the earl of Hertford in 1545. The town was also the scene of incidents in the life of Mary Stuart. It is the birthplace of Sir David Bre water and Mrs. Mary Somerville. JEFFERSON, the name of 23 counties in the United States. I. A N. county of New York, bordering on Lake Ontario and the river St. Lawrence; area, 1,868 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 65,415. Black river intersects it, and it is watered by other streams. The land rises gradually from the lake to a height of 1,000 ft. There are low ridges in the N. E. parallel with the St. Lawrence, and marshes in the S. W. The soil is generally fertile. Iron ore, lead, and copper are found. The Rome, Watertown, and Ogdensburgh railroad and Cape Vincent branch traverse it. The chief productions in 1870 were 228,772 bushels of wheat, 221,551 of Indian corn, 1,058,227 of oats, 415,704 of barley, 86,602 of peas and beans, 507,349 of potatoes, 104,459 Ibs. of wool, 262,738 of hops, 35,850 of flax, 529,109 of maple sugar, 4,883,508 of butter, 2,545,654 of cheese, and 223,343 tons of hay. There were 15,564 horses, 72,980 milch cows, 23,525 other cattle, 26,390 sheep, and 13,930 swine, 6 manufactories of agricultural implements, 9 of cheese boxes, 35 of carriages, 79 of cheese, 21 of clothing, 4 of confectionery, 1 of cotton goods, 21 of furniture, 10 of iron castings, 1 of blooms, 11 of machinery, 4 of malt, 6 of paper, 3 of pumps, 34 of saddlery and harness, 8 of sash, doors, and blinds, 1 of sewing machines, I of steel springs, 24 of tin, copper, and sheet- iron ware, 6 of woollen goods, 36 saw mills, 5 breweries, 19 tanneries, 9 currying establish- ments, and 40 flour mills. Capital, Water- town. II. A W. county of Pennsylvania, drained by Mahoning and Red Bank creeks; area, 950 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 21,656. The surface is hilly and well timbered, and the soil generally fertile. Iron ore and anthracite coal are abundant. The chief productions in 1870 were 78,618 bushels of wheat, 64,678 of rye, 200,484 of Indian corn, 390,151 of "oats, 46,632 of buckwheat, 54,596 of potatoes, 56,621 Ibs. of wool, 497,951 of butter, 'and 18,914 tons of hay. There were 4,855 horses, 5,391 milch cows, 6,029 other cattle, 20,029 sheep, and 8,889 swine; 2 manufactories of agricultural implements, 8 of carriages, 8 of furniture, 4 of iron castings, 1 of machinery, 7 of saddlery and harness, 4 of woollen goods, II tanneries, 7 currying establishments, 1 dis- tillery, 3 planing mills, and 44 saw mills. Capital, Brookville. III. The N. E. county of West Virginia, separated from Maryland on the N. E. by the Potomac river, bounded N. W. by Opequan creek, and S. and S. E. by Virginia, and intersected by the Shenandoah ; area, 260 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 13,219, of whom 3,488 were colored. It has a rolling surface and a fertile soil resting on a bed of limestone. The Blue Ridge lies on the S. E. border. The Baltimore and Ohio and the Winchester and Potomac railroads pass through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 468,841 bushels of wheat, 336,287 of Indian corn, 44,077 of oats, 24,305 of potatoes, 28,699 Ibs. of wool, 120,374 of butter, and 5,753 tons of hay. There were 3,694 horses, 2,489 milch cows, 3,313 other cattle, 6,521 sheep, and 9,151 swine, 4 manu- factories of woollen goods, 5 of tin, copper, and sheet-iron ware, 1 of paper, 4 of cooper- age, 1 of cement, 1 tannery, 6 flour mills, and 8 saw mills. Capital, Charlestown. IV. An E. county of Georgia, intersected by Ogeechee river and Brier creek ; area, 634 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 12,190, of whom 7,943 were colored. It has a level surface, and contains buhrstone, agates, chalcedony, and carnelian. The soil was originally fertile. The Georgia Central railroad passes through it. The chief pro- ductions in 1870 were 11,949 bushels of wheat, 211,528 of Indian corn, 22,514 of sweet pota- toes, and 6,885 bales of cotton. There were 643 horses, 1,023 mules and asses, 1,508 milch cows, 3,432 other cattle, 4,440 sheep, and 8,686 swine. Capital, Louisville. V. A N. county of Florida, bordering on Georgia and Appalachee bay, and bounded E. by the Ocilla river; area, 470 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 13,398, of whom 6,374 were colored. The surface is undulating and the soil fertile. The Jack- sonville, Pensacola, and Mobile railroad and Monticello branch traverse it. The chief pro- ductions in 1870 were 238,728 bushels of In- dian corn, 15,163 of sweet potatoes, 24 hogs- heads of sugar, 21,773 gallons of molasses, and 6,051 bales of cotton. There were 494 horses, 1,025 mules and asses, 1,635 milch cows, 3,378 other cattle, 956 sheep, and 7,004 swine. Capital, Monticello. VI. A central county of Alabama, drained by Black Warrior and Cahawba rivers; area, 1,040 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 12,345, of whom 2,506 were colored. It has a hilly surface and a fertile soil. Coal, iron, and timber are abundant. The Alabama and Chattanooga and the South and North Alabama railroads traverse it. The chief pro- ductions in 1870 were 45,219 bushels of wheat, 251,184 of Indian corn, 24,195 of sweet pota- toes, 31,566 Ibs. of butter, and 1,470 bales of cotton. There were 1,754 horses, 3,094 milch cows, 1,414 working oxen, 3,852 other cattle, 5,437 sheep, and 13,753 swine. Capital, Ely- ton. VII. A S. W. county of Mississippi, sepa- rated from Louisiana by the Mississippi river ; area, 630 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 13,848, of whom 10,633 were colored, It has a fertile soil, and the E. part is occupied by pine woods. The chief productions in 1870 were 204,464 bushels of Indian corn, 31,386 of sweet potatoes, 33,- 235 Ibs. of butter, and 13,719 bales of cotton. There were 1,681 horses, 1,964 mules and asses, 3,215 milch cows, 1,584 working oxen, 4,825 other cattle, 2,118 sheep, and 7,620
