ing establishments, 1 flour mill, and 1 saw mill. Capital, Waukegan. V. A W. county of the lower peninsula of Michigan, drained by the Notipeskago river and affluents of the Manistee; area, 576 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 548. Capital, Chase. VI. A N.E. county of Minnesota, bordering on British America and Lake Superior; area, 4,500 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 135. A chain of lakes extends along the N. border, and the S.E. portion is watered by numerous streams that empty into Lake Superior. The surface is broken by rugged ranges of drift hills. Copper and iron are found. Capital, Beaver Bay. VII. A N.W. county of California, bounded E. by the Coast range; area, 972 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 2,969, of whom 119 were Chinese. It contains Clear lake, which receives numerous streams, and empties through Cache creek into the Sacramento. The valleys of the lake and streams are productive, and the hills afford pasturage. Borax lake, covering 300 acres, near Clear lake, yields that commodity abundantly. In the S.E. part are valuable quicksilver mines. Sulphur is found on the E. side of Clear lake, find copper and other minerals in various localities. The chief productions in 1870 were 87,016 bushels of wheat, 11,615 of Indian corn, 3,894 of oats, 67,946 of barley, 5,154 of potatoes, 58,046 lbs. of wool, 84,268 of butter, 63,340 of cheese, and 5,296 tons of hay. There were 1,984 horses, 1,827 milch cows, 2,408 other cattle, 16,307 sheep, and 11,547 swine; 4 saw mills, and 1 establishment for smelting quicksilver. Capital, Lakeport. VIII. A W. county of Colorado, bounded E. by the Rocky mountains, and W. by Utah; area, about 12,500 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 522. It is watered by the Gunnison and other tributaries of Grand river. The Arkansas rises in this county, and flows S.E. near the E. border. Along this river and near the head waters of the Gunnison gold mining is carried on to some extent. The surface is broken by a continuous series of spurs and ranges, extending from the Rocky mountains to the N. and W. borders, but there are numerous fertile valleys and small parks, and much of the county is adapted to grazing. Timber is abundant. In 1870 there were 13 placer and 2 quartz gold mines. The chief productions were 2,173 bushels of wheat, 5,338 of oats, 6,530 of potatoes, and 111 tons of hay. The value of live stock was $47,673. There were 1 flour mill and 3 saw mills. In 1874 the S. portion was set off to form Hinsdale and La Platte cos. Capital, Dayton. IX. A S.E. county of Dakota territory, recently formed and not included in the census of 1870; area, 720 sq. m. It is drained by affluents of Vermilion river and of the Big Sioux.
LAKE, Gerard, viscount, an English general, born July 27, 1744, died Feb. 20, 1808. He successively served in the seven years' and the American war, and under the duke of York in Holland, became general, and was Commander-in-chief during the Irish rebellion of 1797–'8. In 1800 he went to India in the same capacity, and achieved victory after victory during the Mahratta war (1803), storming Alighur, occupying Delhi and making the old and blind Mogul emperor Shah Allum the vassal of England, capturing Agra, and winning a decisive battle near Laswaree (Nov. 1), which brought the districts N. of the Chumbul into British possession, and for which he was made a baron (Sept. 1, 1804). Subsequently he was engaged in warfare against Holkar (1804–'5), and after his return to England he was made a viscount, Oct. 31, 1807. The third viscount, Warwick Lake, dying June 24, 1848, without male issue, the title became extinct.
LAKE, Henry Atwell, an English soldier, born about 1809. He is a younger son of Sir James Samuel William Lake, and rose in the engineer service in India (1826–'55) to the rank of lieutenant colonel. In the Crimean war he rendered Kars almost impregnable, and was called by the Russians the English Todleben, and was not held responsible for the surrender of that stronghold (1855). With Gen. Williams he was a prisoner of war in Russia till the restoration of peace, and after his return to England he published "Kars and our Captivity in Russia" (London, 1857). Subsequently he was made colonel, aide-de-camp to the queen, and chief commissioner of the Dublin police.
LAKE DWELLINGS, a class of prehistoric habitations existing in some form in various parts of the world, but found in greatest perfection and most thoroughly explored in Switzerland. In Scotland and Ireland they are called crannoges. They are of two kinds, fascine dwellings and pile dwellings. The former were built on a foundation of reeds or tree stems, woven together in horizontal layers alternated with layers of clay or gravel, the whole mass sunk in the water and kept in place by a few stakes or piles. The pile dwellings were built on platforms supported by piles driven deeply into the lake bottom, but projecting above the water. Though the fascine dwellings were the simpler, they were not necessarily the more ancient; the explorations in Switzerland show that they were commonly used in the smaller lakes, and where the bottom was too soft to hold a mass of piles firmly, while the pile dwellings were invariably constructed in the large lakes, where the waves would have swept away a foundation of fascines. Lake dwellings date back to the stone age, and are still in use in some parts of Russia, in Borneo and other islands of the Malay archipelago, and in central Africa. Herodotus relates (book v., 16) that certain tribes of Pæonians lived in pile dwellings on Lake Prasias in Thrace, and as these were connected with the shore by a single narrow bridge, they defied the troops of Darius when their kindred tribes were led away into Asia. Each family had its own hut, with a trap-door beneath, through which they fished by letting down a basket. The infant children were tied by the foot with a cord, to
