58 KRUG interest in her romantic views, but forbade her to preach publicly. She lost his favor, and was ordered to leave St. Petersburg, when, in her enthusiasm for the cause of the Greeks, she divulged some of his communications on the policy of the czars in the East. Her health was suffering from ascetic rigors, when Dearly in 1824 she joined the princess Gallitzin in the scheme of founding a colony in the Crimea, which was to consist of her disciples. She arrived at Karasu-Bazar, the site selected, in September of that year, and was busy in preach- ing in French and German to the astonished inhabitants, till after a few months the malady which had afflicted her before her arrival caused her death. The sincerity of Mme. de Kriidener in her mysticism and her apostolic labors has not been questioned. See Eynard, Vie de Mme. de Kriidener (Paris, 1849), and Frau von Kru- dener, ein Zeitgemdlde (Bern, 1868). Kill G, Wilhelm Traugott, a German philoso- pher, born at Radis, June 22, 1770, died in Leipsic, Jan. 13, 1842. He was educated at the university of Wittenberg, where in 1794 he became adjunct of the philosophical faculty. His Ueber die Perfectibilitdt der geoffenbarten Religion (Jena and Leipsic, 1795) was the cause of his not receiving a professorship, and was followed by other works, chiefly in de- velopment of the Kantian philosophy, of which he was one of the most efficient promulgators. He was appointed professor of philosophy at Frankfort-on-the-Oder in 1801, and published in 1803 his principal work, Fundamentalphi- losophie, in which he proposed a system un- der the name of "transcendental synthetism," which, as he maintained, reconciled idealism and realism. In 1804 he succeeded Kant as professor of logic and metaphysics at Konigs- berg, and in 1807 also Kraus as professor of practical philosophy. In 1809 he accepted a professorship of philosophy at Leipsic, which he held till 1834, when he received a pension from the state. He was one of the presidents of the democratic society founded at Konigs- berg after the peace of Tilsit under the name of the Tugendbund; joined in 1813 the Saxon corps of chasseurs d cheval ; and was after- ward a leading champion of German liberal- ism against Ancillon, Kotzebue, and others. Among his more important works are Allge- meines Handworterbuch der philosopJiischen Wissenschaften (4 vols., Leipsic, 1827-'8), and an autobiography entitled Heine Lebensreise in seeks Stationery von Urceus (Leipsic, 1826), to which he added a supplementary volume entitled Leipziger Freuden und Leiden im Jahre 1830 (Leipsic, 1831). KRUMMACHER. I. Friedrich Adolf, a German theologian, born at Tecklenburg, Westphalia, July 13, 1768, died in Bremen, April 14, 1845. His first appointment was to the professorship of theology in the university of Duisburg. He next became pastor of the Reformed church at Crefeld, and afterward exchanged that cure for the rural living of Kettwich. In 1819 he KRUPP was called to Bernburg, where he became councillor of the consistory and chief pastor, and in 1824 became pastor of St. Anschaire in Bremen. He was a voluminous writer, both in prose and poetry. His principal works are : " Cornelius the Centurion," " Life of St. John " (both translated into English, Edinburgh, 1840) ; " The Sufferings, Death, and Resurrec- tion of Christ;" Die Kinderwelt, a series of sacred poems for the young ; and " On the Spirit and Form of Evangelical History in its Historical and ^Esthetical Relations." He is best known, however, by his fables or Para- leln, which appeared in 1805, and passed through many editions. They have been trans- lated into English, and added in 1858 to Bohn's "Illustrated Library," with 40 illustrations. His life has been written by Moller (Friedrich Adolf Krummacher und seine Freunde, 2 vols., Bonn, 1849). II. Gottfried Daniel, brother of the preceding, born in Tecklenburg, April 1, 1774, died in Elberfeld, Jan. 30, 1837. He was ed- ucated at Duisburg, and afterward became a popular preacher at Barth and Wolfrath. In 1816 he was made pastor of the Reformed church at Elberfeld, arid was recognized as the head of the pietists in that district. Among his most important works are Die evangelische Heiligung (Elberfeld, 1832), and Tagliches Manna, or " Daily Manna " (1838). III. Fried- rich Wilhelm, son of Friedrich Adolf, born in Duisburg in 1796, died in Potsdam, Dec. 10, 1868. He was a minister of the Reformed church, but a strenuous opponent of the ra- tionalistic school of theologians. In 1843 he declined an invitation to a theological profes- sorship at Mercersburg, Pa. In 1853 he was appointed chaplain of the Prussian court at Potsdam. He was regarded as one of the most eloquent preachers in Germany. Among his numerous works, most of which have been translated into English, are " Elijah the Tish- bite," "The Last Days of Elisha," "Solomon and the Shulamite," "Sermons on the Can- ticles," and "Glimpses into the Kingdom of Grace." In 1856 appeared in Berlin his Bunsen und Stahl. Among his later devotional works are Oottes Wort (Berlin, 1865), and David der Konig von Israel (1866; English translation, 1870). His sermons were collected and pub- lished in Berlin in 1868. Soon after his death his daughter edited and published his autobiography, which has been translated into English (2ded., London, 1871). KRUPP, Alfred, a German manufacturer, born at Essen, Rhenish Prussia, early in the present century. He succeeded his father, Friedrich Krupp, as proprietor of the cast-steel works at Essen, and sent to the London exhibition of 1851 a crucible block weighing 2 tons, and to the Paris exhibition of 1867 one of 40 tons. He gradually developed the Es- sen works, which were originally established in 1810, to an enormous extent. They cov- ered in 1873 an area of 965 acres, and pro- duced more than 125,000 tons of cast steel, be-
