KRUSENSTERN KUBLAI KHAN 59 sides great quantities of finished articles. The works are connected with the main Rhenish railway lines, and contain more than 30 m. of rail tracks to facilitate the traffic, and there are 30 telegraph stations in the establishment. About 12,000 men are employed here, besides 5,000 in the mines and smelting works, and others in other departments, making a total of about 20,000. Krupp has built for his offi- cers and men good dwelling houses and hospi- tals. A sick, burial, and pension fund had an in- come in 1873 of $80,000, and the expenditures amounted to about $60,000. Another fund secures free medical attendance upon an an- nual payment of 75 cents. The works at Es- sen in 1874 included 1,100 smelting and other furnaces, 275 coke ovens, 264 smiths' forges, 300 steam boilers, 71 steam hammers, including a monster hammer similar to Nasmyth's, 286 steam engines with an aggregate of 10,000 horse power, 1,056 machine tools, a chemical laboratory, and photographic, lithographic, and printing and bookbinding establishments. A fire brigade of 70 men acts also as a police force, besides 166 watchmen. The consumption of coal in 1872 was 500,000 tons; coke, 125,000 tons; gas, 155,000,000 cubic feet, for 16,500 burners. The articles manufactured include guns, gun carriages, shot, boiler plates, rolls, spring steel, machinery, axles, wheels, rails, and springs for railways and mines, and shafts for steamers. Krupp was the first to introduce unwelded cast-steel tires for use on railways. He owns extensive coal and iron mines in vari- ous parts of Germany, besides having conces- sions of iron mines in Spain. His smelting works, chiefly on the Rhine, contain nearly 300 coke ovens, and annually produce 120,000 tons of pig iron. He accepted the title of privy commercial councillor, but in 1864 declined patents of nobility. To the Vienna exhibition of 1873 he sent remarkable specimens, com- prising siege guns and other pieces of artil- lery, and ammunition. In 1874 he received so many orders from various governments that he negotiated a loan of 12,000,000 thalers for the extension of his works. KRUSMSTERN, Adam Johann von, a Russian navigator, born at Haggud, Esthonia, Nov. 19, 1770, died in Esthonia, Aug. 24, 1846. From 1793 to 1799 he was in the English service. During the reign of Alexander I. he was made a captain in the Russian navy, and placed in command of a scientific and commercial ex- pedition planned by himself, which sailed from Cronstadt in the summer of 1803, to explore the north Pacific coasts of America and Asia. It was described by Espenburg, Lisianskoi, Langsdorff, Tilesius, and in part by Krusenstern himself, in his Seise um die Welt in den JaJir- en 1803-'6 (3 vols., St. Petersburg, 1810-'! 2), which has been translated into many languages (English translation by Hoppner, London, 1813 ; French, 1821). He was made curator of the university of Dor pat in 1824, vice admiral in 1829, and admiral in 1841. KRYLOFF, or Kriloff, Iran, a Russian author, born in Moscow, Feb. 13, 1768, died in St. Pe- tersburg, Nov. 21, 1844. While a boy he wrote several comedies, and having obtained a place as clerk in one of the public offices, he devoted his leisure to study. In 1801, having been recom- mended to the empress Maria, he became secre- tary to Prince Gallitzin. This office, however, was purely honorary, and he spent several years at the country house of the prince, engaged in literary labors. In 1812 he received an ap- pointment in the imperial library, and in 1830 he was made councillor of state. He wrote plays, and contributed to various journals and periodicals, but was most successful in writing fables in imitation of those of La Fontaine. They were collected and published in numerous editions of various styles, cheap and expensive, and are as common in Russian households as the " Pilgrim's Progress" is in England. They were translated into French by several of his friends (Paris, 1825), and have been transla- ted repeatedly into several modern languages. The best translation in French is by Einerling (Paris, 1845) ; in English, by Ralston (London, 1871) ; and in German, by Lowe (Leipsic, 1874). KIBAN, a territory of European Russia, in Ciscaucasia, and in the lieutenancy of Cauca- sia; area, 36,251 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 672,- 224, including nearly 100,000 Mohammedans, the rest being chiefly members of the national church. It is the most populous and exten- sive region of Ciscaucasia, comprising the ter- ritories of the Cossacks in the district (oblast) of Kuban (pop. over 300,000) and in their Transkubanian districts (pop. over 100,000), be- sides various tracts of land inhabited by differ- ent tribes and some almost desert regions on the Black sea. It is divided into several circles, and contains small towns. The Cossacks are under the authority of a lieutenant general. Capital, Yekaterinodar. (See CAUCASUS.) The principal river is the Kuban, which rises in Circassia at the foot of Mount Elbruz, and after a N., N. W., and W. course of about 500 m. falls into a bay of the Black sea. It has a number of small tributaries, and is navigable only for the smallest craft. KUBLAI KHAN, called in Chinese SHE-TSU and HU-PE-LI, the founder of the 20th or Mon- gol dynasty of Chinese emperors, born in the earlier part of the 13th century, died in Peking in 1294. He was the grandson of Genghis Khan, under whom the conquest of China had been commenced. A branch of the great Tartar family, known in Chinese history as the oriental Tartars, had harassed the feeble and debauched princes of the Sung dynasty, then governing the principal provinces of China, to such an extent that Li-sung, the reigning em- peror about 1250, called in the western Tartars, of whom Kublai Khan was sovereign, to drive out the oriental invaders. This effected, Ku- blai Khan established himself in China, and in 1260 assumed the title of emperor of that country. The Sung dynasty, though unable to
