60 KUENLUN make any effective resistance, continued to maintain a nominal existence till 1279, when it was extinguished. Kublai Khan now en- tered vigorously upon the administration of his empire. Assisted by three wise ministers, Yao-tchu, Hing-heng, and Teou-mo, he re- formed the army and the administration of civil affairs, reorganized the tribunals of math- ematics and astronomy, and called to his court men of letters from all countries, among them the Venetian merchant Marco Polo. He organ- ized an expedition for the conquest of Japan, but a part of his fleet was overwhelmed by a violent tempest, and the remainder destroyed by the Japanese. The discontent of the nobles and the people at this untoward result admon- ished the emperor to seek conquests in direc- tions where they might be more easily won, and' he subjected to his sway Tonquin and Cochin China, and reigned as emperor from the Arctic sea to the straits of Malacca, and from the Yellow sea to the Euxine. He seems to have been, for his time and his country, a ruler of extraordinary ability and integrity. KUE1VLUN, or Knlknn, a mountain -range of central Asia, forming the N. boundary of Thibet, and separating it from East Turkistan, the desert of Gobi, and the Koko-nor terri- tory. It runs from "W. to E. on or near the par- allel of 36 K, until near Ion. 92 E. it is bro- ken by the irregular mountain groups around Lake Koko-nor. The Nan-shan and Kilian-shan ranges may be considered as its eastern prolon- gations. At the W. end it is connected with the Hindoo Koosh, near its union with which it is attached on the north lo the Belur Tagh, a great chain running N". and S. along the E. frontier of Independent Tartary. The Kara- korum range, with which the Kuenlun is often said to be linked, is really a distinct branch of the Himalaya. The loftiest summits attain a height of '22,000 ft. The mountain of Shin- khieu in the Kuenlun chain is remarkable for a cavern emitting continual flames which dif- fuse for some distance an agreeable odor, prob- ably from naphtha ; it is not a volcano, but a fire spring. The highest watershed, according to the brothers Schlagintweit, who crossed the Kuenlun in 1856, is near the Karakorum pass, the elevation of which is 18,345 ft. The rivers Yarkand and Karakash take their rise near this pass. KUGLER, Franz Theodor, a German author, born in Stettin, Jan. 19, 1808, died in Berlin, March 18, 1858. His SUzzenbuch (1830) con- tained original compositions in poetry, music, and linear design, and in 1833 he published with Reinick a Liederbuch far deutsche Kunst- ler. The history of mediaeval art, however, occupied him chiefly, and after a visit to Italy for the purpose of collecting materials, he published in 1837 his Hdndbueh der Ge- scUcJite der Malerei von Konstantin dem Gros- sen bis auf die neuere Zeit (2 vols.), the most comprehensive treatise on the subject which lias yet appeared. The approbation with which KtfHNE the work was received caused it to be almost immediately translated into the leading lan- guages of Europe. In England it appeared in three separate parts, of which that relating to the Italian schools was translated by Lady Eastlake, with notes by Sir Charles Eastlake ; and those comprehending the German, Dutch, and Flemish schools, and the French and Span- ish schools, were edited by Sir E. W. Head. Kugler also published works on "The Poly- chromy of Greek Architecture and Sculpture, and its Limits," the " Art Treasures in Berlin and Potsdam," "History of Architecture," "Schinkel, the Influence of his Theories of Art," &c. He was almost equally industrious in other walks of literature, having published a "History of Frederick the Great," illustrated by Menzel, a "Modern History of Prussia," a volume of poems, and several successful dramas. From the year 1833 he was professor of the history of art in the royal academy of Berlin, and for 20 years lectured in the university of Frederick William. Rl H, Adalbert, a German philologist, born at Konigsberg, Brandenburg, Nov. 19, 1812. He studied in Berlin under Bopp, Bockh, and Lachmann, and became in 1841 teacher and in 1856 professor at the gymnasium of Cologne. He acquired celebrity in comparative philology and as the founder of the science of compara- tive Indo-Germanic mythology. His princi- pal works are : Zur altesten GeschicJite der in- dogermaniscJien Volker (Berlin, 1845; enlarged in Weber's Indische Studien, Berlin, 1850); Die Herabkunft des Feuers und des Gotter- tranks (1859) ; and Sagen, Gebrauclie und Mdrchenaus Westphalen (2 vols., Leipsic, 1859). He is the editor of a periodical devoted to the comparative philology of the French, Greek, and Latin, and edits with Schleicher a similar publication relating to the East- Aryan, Celtic, and Slavic languages. He has written numerous essays for these periodicals, and many on Ger- manjnythology and legends in other regions. KUHNE, Gustav, a German novelist, born in Magdeburg, Dec. 27, 1806. He graduated as doctor of philosophy in Berlin, and has pub- lished several novels, of which his Kloster- novellen (Leipsic, 1838) and Die Rebellen von Irland (1840) are the best. His Deutsche Man- ner und Frauen (Leipsic, 1851) is one of his most popular works. He has since published SMzzen deutscher Stadte und Landschaften, and a novel entitled Missiondr und Proselyt: He belongs to the " Young Germany " school of politicians and writers, and has done much to promote the establishment of kindergartens after the plan of Froebel, and published on the subject FroleVs Tod und der Forfbestand seiner Lehre (Liebenstein, 1852). He pur- chased from Lewald the magazine Europa in 1846, and continued it till 1859. In 1852 he removed to Dresden. His recent publications comprise Mein Tagebuch in bewegter Zeit (Leipsic, 1863), and a collection of his works (7 vols., 1862-'6).
