66 KUTAIS the famous Turkish carpets are manufactured, and of a considerable trade and industry, the surrounding country being extremely produc- tive in grain, cotton, gall nuts, fruits, goats' hair, and wool. The town possesses about 30 mosques, three Armenian and Greek church- es, fountains, baths, bazaars, and fine private residences with gardens attached to them. A treaty of peace was concluded here in 1833 between Mehemet Ali and the Porte. Kos- suth was confined here by the Turkish gov- ernment in 1850-'51. In the town is an old castle built on the site of the ancient Cotyseum, a town of Phrygia. KUTAIS. I. A government of Asiatic Rus- sia, in Caucasia, bordering on the Black sea and Asiatic Turkey, and embracing the terri- tories of Mingrelia and Imerethia; area, 8,039 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 605,691. Most of the surface is mountainous. The principal rivers are the Ingur and the Rion, the ancient Phasis. About one sixth of the inhabitants are Moslems. II. A town, capital of the government, on the Rion, 115 m. W. N. W. of Tiflis ; pop. in 1867, 8,263, mostly Armenians and Jews.. It has a gymnasium, several bazaars, and an important trade in corn, wine, silk, and cattle. Near it, on a hill, are the ruins of the ancient fortress, which in 1770 was destroyed by the Russians. Kutais is built on the site of the ancient Cuta- tisium or Cytsea, the capital of Colchis and the birthplace of ^Eetes and Medea. It was for- merly the capital of the province of Imerethia, which belonged to Georgia. KUTTENBERG (Boh. Kutnakora), a town of Bohemia, 38 m. E. S. E. of Prague ; pop. in 1870, 12,747. It has several churches and monasteries, an Oberrealschule, manufactories of beet sugar, and important lead mines. For- merly the mines also yielded a considerable amount of silver ore, and in 1300 the first silver groschens were coined here. On Jan. 6, 1422, the town was burned down by the Hussites. KFTUZOFF, Mikhail, prince of Smolensk, a Russian general, born in 1745, died in Bun- zlau, Prussian Silesia, April 28, 1813. He com- menced his military career at the age of 16, and distinguished himself in the campaigns in the Crimea, in which he was several times severely wounded. In 1783 he became a gen- eral of brigade, in 1784 a major general, and in 1790 he led under Suvaroff the assault against Ismail, at the taking of which 30,000 Turks were put to the sword. In 1791 he was made lieutenant general, and shared in the victory over the Turks at Matchin, which led to the treaty of Jassy. He was ambassador to Con- stantinople in 1793, and subsequently filled important military and diplomatic stations un- der Catharine II., Paul, and Alexander. In 1805 he entered Germany with 50,000 men to form a junction with the Austrians, and gave the corps of Mortier a decided check at Diir- renstein, thereby temporarily deranging Napo- leon's plans, for which he received from the emperor of Austria the grand cordon of Maria KUTZNER Theresa. He was present at Austerlitz in com- mand of the allied forces, but was not responsi- ble for the disaster of the day, having dis- sented entirely from the plan of the cross march to outflank the French. In the subsequent war with Turkey he gained fresh laurels, and concluded an advantageous peace at Bucharest in May, 1812. In August of the same year he was appointed to supersede Barclay de Tolly in command of the Russian forces op- posed to the grand army led by Napoleon against Moscow. On Sept. 7 he hazarded a battle at Borodino against the whole French army led by Napoleon in person. Although the issue of that conflict was in favor of the French, the Russians losing 52,000 men, and being obliged to resign Moscow, the national pride of the latter was gratified by this obsti- nate stand against their enemy, who lost 30,000 men, and Kutuzoff received in recompense a field marshal's baton. He subsequently concen- trated his forces at Tarutino, midway between Moscow and Kaluga, and watching his oppor- tunity routed the French advanced guard un- der Murat and Poniatowski at Vinkovo, Oct. 18. On the 24th was fought the battle of Ma- lo-Yaroslavetz, by which, although the French remained masters of the field, Napoleon was checked in his line of march, and compelled to retreat along the wasted line of the Smolensk road. Following the enemy, Kutuzoff defeated the corps of Eugene Beauharnais at Smolensk, Nov. 16, and on the two succeeding days Da- voust and Ney at Krasnoi, capturing 26,000 prisoners and over 200 pieces of cannon, and inflicting a loss of 10,000 men upon the enemy, his own troops losing but 2,000. As a reward for the skilful manoeuvres which had brought about these successes, he was created prince of Smolensk. After the passage of the Bere- sina he pursued the French more leisurely, and upon entering Wilna in December he found the campaign virtually ended, although the pursuit was continued as far as Kalisz, where the Russians paused, in the latter part of Jan- uary. Having issued from this place a procla- matiqn announcing the dissolution of the con- federacy of the Rhine, and calling upon its members to join in the league formed for the deliverance of Germany, he crossed the Oder, and following on the traces of the enemy reached Bunzlau, where his constitution, en- feebled by the rigors of the campaign, yielded to an attack of malignant typhus fever. KIJTZING, Friedrich Traugott, a German nat- uralist, born at Ritteburg, Thuringia, Dec. 8, 1807. He studied in Halle, explored southern Europe, and became professor at Nordhausen. His principal works relate to the algae, including Tabula Phycologica (Nordhausen, 1845-'71);- and in his Grundzuge der pJiilosopJiischen Bo- tanik (2 yols., Leipsic, 1851-'2), he anticipated the doctrines of Darwin. KUTZMER, Johann Gottlieb, a German author, born at Pohlschildern, Feb. 27, 1822, died at Hirschberg, Jan. 5, 1872. He was a teacher
