SCHWALBACH SCIIWARZENBERG 689 ballads rank next to those of Uhland. His principal poetical works are: Gedichte (2 vols., 1828-'9) ; Funf BUcJier deutscher Lie- der und Gedichte (1835 ; 5th ed., 1871) ; and Neue Auswahl (1838 ; 4th ed., 1851). Prom- inent among his prose writings are Die schun- sten Sagen des classischen Alterthums (3 vols., 1838-'40 ; 4th ed., 1853), and Schiller's Leben (1840 ; 2d ed., 3 parts, 1841-'4). SCHWALBACH, or Langensehwalbaeh, a watering place of Germany, in the Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau, 8 m. N. W. of Wiesbaden ; pop. in 1871, 2,643. It adjoins Schlangenbad, and is celebrated as having the strongest of all chalybeate springs. A new bath house was established in 1866. The number of visitors annually is about 6,000. Large quantities of the water are exported. SCHWANTHALER, Lndwlg Blichael, a German sculptor, born in Munich, Aug. 26, 1802, died there, Nov. 15, 1848. He studied under his father, and became in 1835 professor at the academy of Munich, after several visits to Rome. His works are numerous, including the frieze for the Barbarossa hall at Munich, more than 200 ft. long ; the model for the im- ages of the 12 ancestors of the house of Wittels- bach, in the new palace at Munich ; the 15 stat- ues of the " Battle of Arminius " for the Wal- halla; the colossal statue of Bavaria, at Mu- nich, which he left unfinished ; and the statue of Mozart in Salzburg. See Schwanthaler's Jteliquien, by Trautmann (Munich, 1858). SCHWARTZ, Marie Sophie, a Swedish novelist, born at Boras, July 4, 1819. She is a daughter of Johan Birath, a merchant, and married in 1839 Prof. Gustavus Magnus Schwartz, a physi- ologist, who died in 1858. Since that date she has published numerous novels, of which a complete German translation has appeared in Stuttgart (54 vols., 1865-'71). Some of them have been published in English in the United States, including " Gold and Name," " Birth and Education," and " Guilt and Innocence." SCHWARTZE1VBERG. See SCHWABZENBEBG. SCHWARZ, Berthold, a German alchemist, whose real name was believed to be Konstan- tin Ancklitzen, born in Freiburg, Breisgau, probably in the beginning of the 14th century. He was a Franciscan monk either at Mentz or at Nuremberg, and his cloistral name was Ber- thold. The surnames of Schwarz ("black") and " the Black Barthel " were given him on account of his partiality for the black art ; and he is said to have discovered gunpowder while in prison on a charge of sorcery. According to other versions, he discovered it either at Cologne or at Goslar. Whether he made an original discovery of the composition of gun- powder, or merely devised its application to war and the chase, is equally uncertain ; bxit the latter is more probable, as gunpowder is supposed to have been known in 1330, and be- fore other dates assigned to his alleged discov- ery ; and he may have acquired information about it from manuscripts in the monasteries. A monument to his memory was erected at Freiburg in 1853. SCHWARZ, Christian Frledrieh, a German mis- sionary, born at Sonnenburg in Brandenburg in October, 1726, died in Tanjore, Hindostan, Feb. 13, 1798. He studied Tamil to aid Schultz in translating the Bible, was ordained at Co- penhagen in 1749, and in 1750 sailed for Tran- quebar. He removed thence to Trichinopoly, and finally to Tanjore, where he spent the last 20 years of his life. The rajah of Tanjore com- mitted to him the education of his son and successor ; and Hyder AH received him as an ambassador after refusing all others. When the latter invaded the Carnatic, and the inhab- itants and garrison of Tanjore were reduced almost to starvation, Schwarz induced the na- tive farmers to bring in their cattle, pledging his word for their payment. After his death the rajah of Tanjore and the East India com- pany each erected a monument to his memory. S( mVAUZBl RG-Rl DOLSTADT, a principality of the German empire, bordering on the Saxon duchies, the Prussian province of Saxony, and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen ; area, 364 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 75,523, nearly all Lutherans. It is divided into the upper lordship of Rudol- stadt, which is mountainous, and the lower of Frankenhausen, which is less so. The main rivers are the Saale, Ilm, and Schwarza. The principal products are minerals and timber. Horses and cattle abound. Linen, woollen, and other goods are manufactured. The diet consists, according to the modified constitution of 1870, of 16 members, 4 chosen from the largest taxpayers and 12 elected by the peo- ple. The principality has one vote in the German Reichstag. The local princes, whose house is one of the oldest in Thuriugia, be- came in 1699 independent of Saxony. The reign of the present prince, George Albert (born 1838), began in 1869. Capital, Rudolstadt. SCHWARZBURG-SONDERSHAUSEN, a principal- ity of the German empire, bordering on Prus- sian Saxony, the Saxon duchies, and Schwarz- burg-Rudolstadt ; area, 323 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 67,191. It consists of the upper lord- ship of Arnstadt and the lower of Sonders- hausen ; is mountainous in the S. part, and is watered by the Gera, Ilm, and other tributa- ries of the Saale. The main products are flax, timber, and minerals. Trade and industry have lately much increased through railway traffic. The prince names 5 members for the local diet, and the other 10 are chosen half by the largest taxpayers and half by general elec- tion. In the German Reichstag the princi- pality has one vote. The reigning prince, Gunthe? Frederick Charles (born 1801), suc- ceeded in 1835 on the resignation of his fa- ther. Capital, Sondershausen. SCHWARZENBERG, Frledrieb Johann Joseph Ce- lestinns TOD, an Austrian cardinal, born -in Vi- enna, April 6, 1809. He was made bishop of Salzburg Feb. 1, 1836, was proclaimed cardi- nal Jan. 24, 1842, and was promoted to the pri-
