690 SCHWARZENBERG SCHWEIGGER matial see of Prague Dec. 13, 1849. At the beginning of the Vatican council he signed the petition to the pope, drawn up by Cardinal Rauscber, praying that the doctrine of pon- tifical infallibility should not be discussed in the council ; he made a discourse against the opportuneness of a dogmatic definition, but afterward accepted the decision of the council. SCHWARZENBERG. I. Karl Philipp, prince, and duke of Krumau, an Austrian field mar- shal, born in Vienna, April 15, 1771, died in Leipsic, Oct. 15, 1820. He distinguished him- self under Lacy in the war against the Turks, and also in the war against France. In 1794, at the battle of. Cateau-Cambresis, he cut his way at the head of his regiment and of 12 British squadrons through a line of 27,000 men. After the victory of Wurzburg he was made major general, and in 1799 lieutenant field marshal ; and in 1805 he commanded the Austrian right wing at Ulm. In 1808 he was appointed ambassador at St. Petersburg. He was present in the following year at the battle of Wagram, commanding the rear guard on the retreat, and after the peace of Vienna was sent to France as ambassador. There he conducted the negotiations in regard to the marriage of Napoleon with the archduchess Maria Louisa. He gave a ball in honor of it, which was broken up by a terrible confla- gration resulting in the death of his sister-in- law the princess Pauline of Schwarzenberg, and the empress barely escaped with her life. In the campaign of 1812 against Russia, he commanded the Austrian contingent of the French army ; and at the request of Napo- leon the emperor Francis created him a mar- shal. In 1813 he was in Paris attempting to negotiate a peace between France and Rus- sia. After his return he received the supreme command of the allied troops of Russia, Aus- tria, and Prussia, gained the victory of Leip- sic, and marched to Paris. On the return of Napoleon from Elba he received the com- mand of the allied army on the upper Rhine, and a second time entered France after the bat- tle of Waterloo. At the end of the campaign he was made president of the imperial military council, and was presented with several estates in Hungary. II. Felix Lndwlg Johann Friedrteh, prince of, an Austrian statesman, nephew of the preceding, born at the estate of Erumau in Bohemia, Oct. 2, 1800, died in Vienna, April 5, 1852. He became a captain of cuiras- siers, and in 1824 went to St. Petersburg as attache to the Austrian embassy. Two years later he was sent with despatches to London, joined the extraordinary mission to Brazil un- der Baron Neumann, and after his return to Europe was employed in diplomacy. "While in London in 1830, he eloped with Lady Ellen- borough, who was divorced from her husband. He became a major general in 1842, and in 1848 commanded a brigade under Nugent in Italy, and was made lieutenant field marshal before the battle of Custozza. He was recalled to Austria by the troubles in the capital, and after the suppression of the October revolu- tion in Vienna was made prime minister, which post he retained till his death. During his term of office the aid of Russia was ob- tained for the suppression of the Hungarian revolution, and a daring policy pursued in Ger- many. (See AUSTRIA.) He died of apoplexy. SCHWARZWALD. See BLACK FOREST. SCHWEGLER, Albert, a German historian, born at Michelbach, Wurtemberg, Feb. 10, 1819, died in Tubingen, Jan. 5, 1857. He studied at Tubingen, and became a follower of Baur and one of the principal exponents of the Tubingen school ; but on account of the ob- jections of the authorities to his Montanivmus (1841), he abandoned theology, and in 1843 became Pritatdocent of philosophy and classi- cal philology at Tubingen, and in 1848 profes- sor. Subsequently he tilled the chair of histo- ry there. Has principal works are : Das nach- apostolische Zeitalter (2 vols., 1846); editions of the Clementine homilies (1847) and of Aris- totle's " Metaphysics," with German annota- ted translations (4 vols., 1847-'8); Geschichte der Philosophic (1848; 7th ed., 1870; English translation by Prof. J. H. Seelye, New York, 1856) ; an edition of the church history of Eusebius (2 vols., 1862); JRomische Geschichte, extending only to the Licinian laws (3 vols., 1853-'8; 2d ed., 1867); and the posthumous Geschichte der griechischen Philosophic, edited by Kostlin (1869; 2d ed., 1870). "SCHWEIDMTZ, a fortified town of Prussia, on the Weistritz, in the province and 80 m. S. W. of the city of Breslau ; pop. in 1871, 16,998. During the seven years' war Schweidnitz was repeatedly besieged by the Prussians and Aus- trians, the Prussian siege of 1762 being the most memorable. In 1807 it was taken by the French, who demolished the outer defences. The former principality of Schweidnitz was ruled by local princes from 1290 to 1353 ; and it was afterward a crownland of Bohemia till 1741, when it was incorporated with Prussia. SCHWEIGGER, Johann Salomon Chrlstoph, a Ger- man physicist, born in Erlangen, April 8, 1779, died in Halle, Sept. 6, 1857. He studied at Erlangen, was Privatdocent there from 1800 to 1802, became professor of mathematics and physics at the gymnasium of Baireuth in 1802 and at the polytechnic institute of Nuremberg in 1811, and from 1819 was professor of phys- ics and chemistry at Halle. After the an- nouncement of Oersted's discovery of electro- magnetism in 1819-'20 he devised an electro- magnetic multiplier (see GALVANISM, vol. vii., p. 5D3), which bears his name. He contribu- ted to Gehlen's Journal der Chemie, Physik und Mineralogie (vol. vii., 1808) an article en- titled Ueber Benutzung der magnetischen Kraft bei Messvng der elektrwchen (published sepa- rately in Berlin in 1874), containing statements in regard to electro-magnetism from which his friends claim for him the credit of being the original discoverer.
