390 STOCKHOLM and has three stories filled with interesting collections, soon to include the picture gallery of the palace. A new building has also been provided for the royal or national library of about 70,000 volumes and 4,000 unique manu- scripts, which occupied a space extending over nearly the whole S. E. wing of the palace. There are more than 25 places of worship, chiefly for Lutherans, but including several for other Protestants, one for Catholics, one for Swedenborgians, and a new and handsome synagogue. The interior of the church of St. Clara is exceptionally fine. The Swedish kings are crowned in the old St. Nicholas church. The most ancient church is that of Solna, with the tomb of Berzelius, and the most picturesque is the Riddarholm, original- ly a Franciscan convent and now used as a pantheon. In the latter are the armor of Charles IX., attributed to Benvenuto Cellini, the shrine of Gustavus Adolphus, and that of Charles XII. in the opposite Carolin chapel. Bernadotte is buried in the chapel of the pres- ent dynasty, adjoining the Gustavan. Other notable buildings are the governor's palace; the houses of parliament, including the Rid- darhus, or house of the nobles and the diet; the royal mint; the exchange; the academy of sciences, with a library of 40,000 volumes, a cabinet of natural history, and a museum with rich zoological, mineralogical, and geo- logical collections ; the geological and tech- nological institutes; the mining academy, re- cently removed hither from Fahlun ; the new art union and exhibition buildings, with con- cert rooms ; the royal theatre, where Gustavus III. was assassinated in 1792 ; and the houses in which Swedenborg and other eminent men were born. The most celebrated educational institution is the medical faculty, the princi- pal one in Sweden, attended by a much larger number of students than that at the university of Upsal. A new free university is projected, and there are three gymnasia, various special schools, a military college, and a high school of artillery, the last near the city at Marieberg. No city has a greater variety of rural and waterside pleasure grounds. The most cele- brated is the Djurgard or deer park, which occupies almost an entire island opposite the "city," since 1868 united to the metropolitan district. It is about 3 m. in circumference, and contains the Rosendal palace. The Haga park, a little beyond the observatory, opposite the new cemetery, is studded with islands, has water communication between its differ- ent parts and the city, and contains a royal palace. The adjacent park of Carlberg is another delightful summer resort. The park known as the Humlegard (hop garden), W. and N. W. of Norrmalm, has been greatly improved; it contains the new library build- ing and large barracks. In Berzelius's park is a monument to Berzelius. Among the oth- er numerous monuments in the city are those to Birger Jarl and to Swedish sovereigns. STOCKING That of Charles XII. was erected in 1868, op- posite the palace in the Kungstriidgard (kingte garden) square. Few cities present greate* natural beauties than Stockholm, and in the vicinity are many royal and private summer palaces and villas. The city is also the centre of Swedish industry and trade. It has about 300 manufacturing establishments, chiefly of sugar, tobacco, machinery, cast iron, leather, silk, soap, cloth, and porcelain. It is the prin- cipal Swedish port of entry. The imports in 1874 amounted to about $50,000,000, and the exports to $30,000,000; and the customs receipts reached nearly $6,000,000. The en- tries of British ships alone comprised 38 steam- ers and 161 sailing vessels. The total inward shipping in the foreign trade includes over 1,500 vessels, besides nearly 10,000 in the coasting trade, and about 60 local steamers. The exports to the United States in 1873-'4, chiefly iron, were valued at $1,063,997 in gold. The harbor accommodates the largest vessels, and is defended by a fortress. The reputed founder of Stockholm was Birger Jarl, the father and guardian of Waldemar, elected king in 1250. A settlement had been in existence at the spot since the destruction of Sigtuna by Finnish pirates in 1187. It was a power- ful stronghold against the devastations of the pirates in all the towns along Lake Msslar, and was frequently besieged. Stockholm became the residence of the Swedish monarchs soon after Birger's death, though Upsal continued long afterward to be the seat of government. With Liibeck and Hamburg reciprocity of free trade was established, and soon after with Eiga. In 1501 the citadel was held against insurgents by Christina, queen of Denmark, whose hus- band, King John, ruled over the three united kingdoms of Scandinavia. King John had left his queen in command of a garrison of 1,000 men, whose number, after a siege of eight months, was reduced to about 80. She was compelled to capitulate, May 27, 1502. A still more heroic defence against the Danes under Christian II. was made by Christina Gyllen- stjerna, the widow of the fallen regent Sten Sture. After a terrible siege of four months, the place was surrendered, Sept. 7, 1520, with the solemn guarantee of the king to respect the rights of the inhabitants. A fearful mas- sacre ensued, known as the "blood bath of Stockholm." Many treaties have been signed here in modern times; in 1855 that with the western powers guaranteeing the integrity of Swedish territories. STOCKING, a close-fitting garment for the foot and leg, usually knit or woven. From paintings found at Pompeii, as also from no- bices in some of the Latin classics, it appears that stockings were known to the Romans in the latter days of the republic and under the em- pire ; but they formed no part of" the ordinary jostume. Fascia, bandages wound round the leg from the ankle to the knee, were sometimes worn by persons in delicate health, or as a pro-
