526 SWITZERLAND The sheep and swine do not supply the home demand. The best cheese is made in Gruyere and in Urseren (Uri), and in the valleys of the Emmen, Saane, and Simmen. While Switzer- land is mainly agricultural, certain classes of manufactures are prosperous and important. The chief seats of the cotton manufacture are Aargau, Appenzell, St. Gall, Zug, and Zurich. The number of mills in 1870 was 168, and of spindles 2,059,350, employing 20,000 opera- tives, besides 38,000 hand-loom weavers. This estimate includes 6,000 workers in Appenzell and St. Gall employed in the manufacture of embroidery alone, to the annual value of $2,000,- 000. Basel employs 6,000 persons in the man- ufacture of silk ribbons, to the annual value of $7,000,000, and 12,000 operatives in Zurich make silk stuffs of the annual value of $8,000,- 000. In Bern, Geneva, Neufchatel, Solothurn, and Vaud 36,000 persons produce annually 1,600,000 watches, valued at $17,600,000. The movements of many of these are exported to be cased in other countries. Wood carving is carried on in most of the cantons. Vaud pro- duces annually 80,000 musical boxes. The ex- ports of Switzerland to the United States for the year ending Sept. 30, 1874, amounted to $12,270,368, including watches to the value of $2,423,993. The value of the foreign trade in 1868 was set down at $93,600,000 of exports and $84,000,000 of imports. The principal articles of import are grain, flour, wine and cider, iron, raw cotton, coal, and petroleum. The aggregate length of railway lines, Jan. 1, 1874, was 916 m. They are all private roads, with the exception of the Bern railway, which belongs to the state. The aggregate length of telegraph in 1873 was 6,322 m., with 715 sta- tions. Switzerland consists of 22 cantons, or, as three cantons, Unterwalden, Appenzell, and Basel, are divided into two independent half cantons each, of 25 states, the area and popu- lation of which are as follows : CANTONS. Area in q. m. Population - in 1870. Catholics. Protes- tants. Aargau 642 100 68 14 162 2,660 643 109 267 2,774 579 812 780 116 850 803 832 1,095 183 112 415 2,026 1,244 92 Gfi5 198,878 48,726 11,918 47,760 54,127 506,531 110,832 93,239 35,150 91,782 132,338 97,284 191,015 87,721 47,705 74,718 93,800 119,619 14,415 11,701 16.107 96.887 231,700 80,998 284,786 89,180 2,858 11,720 12,801 10,245 66,015 93,951 47,868 6,888 89,843 128,838 11,500 116,060 8,051 47,047 62,078 23,454 119,350 14,055 11,632 16.018 95.968 17.592 20.082 17,942 107,703 46,175 188 84.455 43.523 436,804 16,819 43,639 28,238 61,8S7 8,823 84,334 74,573 34,466 647 12,443 69,231 194 858 66 80 900 211,686 878 263,730 Appenzell Outer Rhodes Appenzell Inner Rhodes Basel City Basel Country Bern Fribourg . Geneva.. . . Glarus Grisons Lucerne Neufchatel St. Gall Schwytz . Solothurn Thurgau Ticino Unterwalden, Upper.. . . Unterwalden, Lower... . Uri Valais.. Vaud.. Zug. . . Zurich.. :.:::::;":" Total... . 15,988,2,669,247 1,084,525 1,566,345 Fourteen of these divisions have capitals of the same names; those of the remaining eleven are as follows : Aargau, Aarau ; Appenzell Outer Rhodes, Trogen and Herisau, alterna- ting ; Basel Country, Liestal ; Grisons, Coire ; Thurgau, Frauenf eld ; Ticino, Lugano, Locarno, and Bellinzona, alternating; Upper Unter- walden, Sarnen ; Lower Unterwalden, Stanz ; Uri, Altorf; Valais, Sion; Vaud, Lausanne. Of the entire population 94'3 per cent, were natives, and 5'7 foreigners, including 63,000 Germans, 62,000 French, and 18,000 Italians. The number of communes in 1870 was 3,052, of which 5 had a population of more than 20,000, 7 from 10,000 to 20,000, 31 from 5,000 to 10,000, and 251 more than 2,000. The number of houses was 387,148, and of families 557,018. The excess of females over males was about 59,500. The number of births in 1871 was 81,629, and of deaths 77,998. The popula- tion has increased since 1816 about 50 per cent., more slowly than that of the United States and Great Britain, but in a much larger ratio than that of France. Geneva, Basel, and Neufchatel have increased nearly 100 per cent. ; Lucerne and Bern more than 50 ; Zurich nearly 50. Since 1860 every canton except Appenzell In- ner Rhodes shows an increase of population. Of the entire population in 1870, 1,095,447 were wholly or partly supported by agricul- ture ; the manufactories employed 216,468, and the handicrafts 241,425. The difference of language points to the difference of origin of the inhabitants of the several cantons. The N., N. E., and central cantons speak a German dialect ; French prevails in Vaud, Geneva, and Neufchatel, and in parts of Valais, Fribourg, and Bern ; Italian in Ticino and in a part of Grisons; and Romansh, a corrupted dialect of the Latin, in a part of Grisons. The popu- lation speaking these four languages is classi- fied by the census of 1870 as follows : German is spoken in 384,538 families, French in 133,- 575, Italian in 30,079, Romansh in 8,778, and other languages in 48. A majority of the in- habitants are Protestants, but the Roman Catholics are most numerous in 11 cantons and one half canton, viz. : Appenzell Inner Rhodes, Fribourg, Geneva, Lucerne, St. Gall, Schwytz, Solothurn, Ticino, Unterwalden, Uri, Valais, and Zug. They have five bishops, viz. : of Basel, Coire, Fribourg, St. Gall, and Sion. There are also priests with the functions of prefects apostolic to minister to scattered Catholics. In 1872 the pope erected Geneva into a new diocese, but the cantonal govern- ment denounced the measure as contrary to law. In 1873 the pope made it an independent vicariate apostolic, and the bishop of Fribourg resumed the former additional title of Lau- sanne, but the federal council refused to recog- nize it. In 1873-' 4 several parish churches, especially in the cantons of Aargau, Bern, Ge- neva, and Solothurn, passed into the possession of the Old Catholics. The Jesuits and Re- demptorists are excluded by the federal con-
