APPENDIX C 6ii Sacra Capilla, Halifax; Populorum Lapis, Folkestone; and Dei Donum, Dundee. Several of these of course are but sixteenth and seventeenth century inventions. (For other instances see Martin's Record Interpreter). Many Christian names had already by the end of the thirteenth Christian names century come into use as surnames. The process by which this took become surnames, place was the dropping out of the word " fitz " or " filius," which seems to have been very unusual before the reign of John, and took nearly a century to perfect. Willelmus Clemens canonicus, which occurs before 1 1 58 in a Sempringham Charter, is clearly not a case of the elision of filius, but this is either an early instance of a surname of the epithet or nickname class, or Clemens was his name in religion. The earliest case found of such elision is that of Gervasius Caterine (presumably a bastard as being named after his mother), temp. Stephen or Hen. II (Harl. Ch. 50 B. 23), and Hubert Walteri in John's reign is another early instance. Ric. fitz Reyner, who is so called about 1200, appears thirty years later simply as Ric. Reyner, and Will. fil. Fardain occurs c. 1 160 (Harl. Ch. 43 H. 13), and temp. Ric. I Will. Farthain is referred to (Harl. Ch. 44 A. 29). Meiler Scottot and Ralph Meiler (Meiler being a name at one time fairly common in S. Wales) were both sum. 9 Edw. Ill, and William Warin 21 Edw. Ill, and Robert and John Elys were Yarmouth men 14 Hen. III. Sampson de Matham was a Surrey man in 1334 and William Sampson was sum. to Pari, from 1299 to 1306. Richard Talbot of Eccleswell was living 29 Edw. I, and Talbot occurs earlier as a Christian name. Will. fil. Otuheri al. Otueli, uncle to William, Earl of Essex, granted lands temp. Stephen or Henry II (Harl. Chs. 50 B. 1 5, 53 B. 50). The name is also spelt Othuer, Otuher, Hotuel, in other Harl. Charters. Otuel fil. Comitis was drowned in the White Ship 1 120. Henry Cruce de Ottewelle was sum. 9 Edw. III. This last Ottewelle is however an English local name, and must be kept distinct from the above Christian name, which comes from the French Otuel. John Anketil occurs as a London citizen 14 Edw. III. John Aukelyn, Andrew Aubrey, and Richard Andrew, were living 16 Edw. Ill, and Jordan de Shepey and John Jordan five years later. Charles also occurs in the fourteenth century as a surname. The Norman name Raymond or Reimund became Redmond in Ireland. In this connection, and as illustrating the somewhat haphazard fashion in which surnames grew up, the following passage from A History of Baildon, by W. Paley Baildon, Introduction to vol. iii, of which the author has kindly submitted an advance copy, seems well worth quoting. John, son of Walter de Baildon (1347-49) appears as Johannes filius Walteri de Baildon or as Johannes Watson de Baildon. Another son of Walter's, Henry, also occurs as Henry Watson, and Henry's son John occurs both as "John son of Henry son of Walter de Baildon" and as "John Hanson." One of John "Watson's" sons, another Henry, appears as "Henry Johnson" to distinguish him from his contemporary and cousin "Henry Watson." Another John de Baildon, probably a son of John "Watson," was known indiflFerently as "John de Baildon, Smith," or "John Smith of Baildon." . . . There was yet another John, whose parentage is doubtful, who was known alternatively as "John de Baildon, souter," and "John
