31 Gregory C. Allen, “Understanding China’s AI Strategy: Clues to Chinese Strategic Thinking on Artificial Intelligence and National Security,” Center for a New American Security (CNAS), February 2019, p. 6, https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/understanding-chinas-ai-strategy. Allen notes: “China is currently making extensive use of AI in domestic surveillance applications.”
32 Arjun Kharpal, “Huawei Says It Would Never Hand Data to China’s Government. Experts Say it Wouldn’t Have a Choice,” CNBC, March 4, 2019, https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/05/huawei-would-have-to-give-data-to-china-government-if-asked-experts.html.
33 FBI Director Christopher Wray, testimony in open hearing on “Worldwide Threats,” U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, 115th Congress, 2nd Session, February 13, 2018, https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/hearings/open-hearing-worldwide-threats-0#.
34 Ewelina U. Ochab, “When a Tech Company Engages in Severe Human Rights Violations,” Forbes, January 6, 2020, https://www.forbes.com/sites/ewelinaochab/2020/01/06/when-a-tech-company-engages-in-severe-human-rights-violations/#788549d16943; David Alton “Huawei’s Human Rights Record Has Been Shamefully Ignored,” The Diplomat, February 7, 2020, https://thediplomat.com/2020/02/huaweis-human-rights-record-has-been-shamefully-ignored/; “U.S. to Slap Huawei Employees with Travel Bans for China’s Human Rights Abuses,” Associated Press, July 15, 2020, https://www.marketwatch.com/story/us-to-slap-huawei-employees-with-travel-bans-for-chinas-human-rights-abuses-2020-07-15; Secretary of State Michael R. Pompeo, “U.S. Imposes Visa Restrictions on Certain Employees of Chinese Technology Companies that Abuse Human Rights,” press statement, U.S. Department, of State, July 15, 2020, https://www.state.gov/u-s-imposes-visa-restrictions-on-certain-employees-of-chinese-technology-companies-thatabuse-human-rights/; and Dr. Samantha Hoffman, “China’s Tech-Enhanced Authoritarianism,” prepared testimony for hearing on “China’s Digital Authoritarianism: Surveillance, Influence, and Political Control,” House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, 116th Congress, 1st Session, May 16, 2019, https://docs.house.gov/meetings/IG/IG00/20190516/109462/HHRG-116-IG00-Wstate-HoffmanS-20190516.pdf.
35 “China’s Cyber Power in a New Era,” in Tim Huxley and William Choong, eds. Asia-Pacific Regional Security Assessment 2019, (London, UK: Routledge, International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2019), https://www.iiss.org/publications/strategic-dossiers/asiapacific-regional-security-assessment-2019/rsa19-07-chapter-5.
36 Nadège Rolland, “A Concise Guide to the Belt and Road Initiative,” National Bureau of Asian Research, April 11, 2019, https://www.nbr.org/publication/a-guide-to-the-belt-and-road-initiative/; and Elaine K. Dezenski, “Below the Belt and Road,” Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD), May 6, 2020, p. 11, https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2020/05/04/below-the-belt-and-road/. See also Xi Jinping, The Belt and Road Initiative (Beijing, China: Foreign Languages Press, 2019).
37 The so-called “China Hustle” is an egregious example. As the number of China-based companies listed in U.S. markets grew after the 2007-2008 financial crisis, U.S. regulators became aware of hundreds of Chinese companies systematically using irregular investment structures — including reverse mergers with failed U.S.-listed companies — to list backdoor on U.S. markets while avoiding the due diligence and other scrutiny that initial public offerings (IPOs) receive. Many U.S.-listed Chinese companies turned out to be fraudulent, exposing U.S. investors and public pension funds to many billions in losses. See NASDAQ, “33 Chinese Companies Listed on NASDAQ in 2009, More Than Any Other U.S. Exchange,” press release, January 6, 2010, http://ir.nasdaq.com/news-releases/news-release-details/33-chinese-companies-listed-nasdaq-2009-more-any-other-us and Nicole Spering, “The China Hustle Unveils the Biggest Financial Scandal You’ve Never Heard Of,” Vanity Fair, March 28, 2018, https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2018/03/china-hustle-documentary-financial-crisis-scandal-director-interview.
38 U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, “Chinese Companies Listed
