Defense News, May 12, 2020, https://www.defensenews.com/opinion/commentary/2020/05/11/chinas-strategic-interest-in-the-arctic-goes-beyond-economics/; Elizabeth Buchanan, “Russia and China in the Arctic: Assumptions and Realities,” ASPI’s The Strategist, September 25, 2020, https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/russia-and-china-in-the-arctic-assumptions-and-realities/; Mary Kay Magistad, “China’s Arctic Ambitions Have Revived U.S. Interest in the Region,” PRI’s The World, October 12, 2020, https://www.pri.org/stories/2020-10-12/chinas-arctic-ambitions-have-revived-us-interest-region. See also Atle Staalesen, “China’s New Icebreaker Completes First Arctic Expedition,” Barents Observer, September 29, 2020, https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/arctic/2020/09/chinas-new-icebreaker-completes-first-arctic-mission.
87 “Putin Says Action Against Huawei Attempt to Push It Out of Global Market,” Xinhua, June 7, 2019, http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-06/07/c_138125039.htm.
88 For examples, see Samuel Bendett and Elsa Kania, “A New Sino-Russian High-Tech Partnership,” Australian Strategic Policy Institute, October 29, 2019, https://www.aspi.org.au/report/new-sino-russian-high-tech-partnership; and Dmitri Simes, “Huawei Plays Star Role in New China-Russia AI Partnership,” Nikkei Asian Review, February 4, 2020, https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Asia-Insight/Huawei-plays-star-role-in-new-China-Russia-AI-partnership.
89 Philip Zelikow, et al., “The Rise of Strategic Corruption: How States Weaponize Graft,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 99, No. 4 (July/August 2020), https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-06-09/rise-strategic-corruption.
90 Andrea Kendall-Taylor, David Shulman and Dan McCormick, “Navigating Sino-Russian Defense Cooperation,” War on the Rocks, August 4, 2020, https://warontherocks.com/2020/08/navigating-sino-russian-defense-cooperation/.
91 Richard Weitz, Parsing Chinese-Russian Military Exercises (Carlisle, PA: Army War College, 2015), http://publications.armywarcollege.edu/pubs/2337.pdf. Recently, China participated in Russia’s Vostok (Eastern) exercise in 2018, which included “3,500 Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) personnel, 900 pieces of heavy weaponry and 30 fixed-wing aircraft from the PLA’s Northern Theater Command.” See also Franz-Stefan Gady, “Russia, Chinese Troops Kick Off Russia’s Largest Military Exercise since 1981,” The Diplomat, September 12, 2018, https://thediplomat.com/2018/09/russian-chinese-troops-kick-off-russias-largest-military-exercise-since-1981/.
92 Vladimir Putin and Xi Jinping, “Press Statements Following Russian-Chinese Talks,” Kremlin, Jun 5, 2019, http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/60672.
93 Andrew Osborn and Joyce Lee, “First Russian-Chinese Air Patrol in Asia-Pacific Draws Shots from South Korea,” Reuters, July 22, 2019, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southkorea-russia-aircraft/first-russian-chinese-air-patrol-in-asia-pacific-draws-shots-from-south-korea-idUSKCN1UI072; and Mike Yeo, “Russian-Chinese Air Patrol was an Attempt to Divide Allies, Says Top US Air Force Official in Pacific,” Defense News, August 23, 2019, https://www.defensenews.com/global/asia-pacific/2019/08/23/russian-chinese-air-patrol-was-an-attempt-to-divide-allies-says-top-us-air-force-official-in-pacific/.
94 Vladimir Isachenkov, “Putin: Russia-China Military Alliance Can’t Be Ruled Out,” Associated Press, October 22, 2020, https://apnews.com/article/beijing-moscow-foreign-policy-russia-vladimir-putin-1d4b112d2fe8cb66192c5225f4d614c4; and Jun Mai, “Beijing Gives Cautious Welcome to Vladimir Putin’s Hint over Russia-China Military Alliance,” South China Morning Post, October 25, 2020, https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3107027/beijing-gives-cautious-welcome-vladimir-putins-hint-over.
95 U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, 2019 Report to Congress, November 2019, p. 331, https://www.uscc.gov/files/001166.
96 Yaroslav Trofimov, “The New Beijing-Moscow Axis,” opinion, Wall Street Journal, February 1, 2019, https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-new-beijing-moscow-axis-11549036661?mod=hp_lead_pos8&mod=article_inline.
