125 M. Martel, J. Baer, N. Andrejko and L. Mason, Open Doors 2019 Report on International Educational Exchange (New York, NY.: Institute of International Education, 2019), pp. 8; 39-40; 62.
126 Senate Homeland Security and Government Affairs Committee’s Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, China’s Impact on the U.S. Education System.
127 Axel Dreher, et al., “Apples and Dragon Fruits: The Determinants of Aid and Other Forms of State Financing from China to Africa,” pp. 182-194.
128 Courtney J. Fung and Shing-Hon Lam, “China Already Leads 4 of the 15 UN Specialized Agencies – and is Aiming for a Fifth,” Washington Post, March 3, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/03/03/china-already-leads-4-15-un-specialized-agencies-is-aiming-5th/.
129 U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, “The PRC in International Organizations,” updated April 20, 2020, https://www.uscc.gov/prc-international-orgs.
130 Kristine Lee and Alexander Sullivan, People’s Republic of the United Nations: China’s Emerging Revisionism in International Organizations, CNAS, May 2019, https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/peoples-republic-of-the-united-nations.
131 Peter Berkowitz, “China, Foreign Affairs, and the Anti-Ideology Delusion,” RealClearPolitics, October 4, 2020, https://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2020/10/04/china_foreign_affairs_and_the_anti-ideology_delusion_144345.html.
132 John Garnaut, “Engineers of the Soul: Ideology in Xi Jinping’s China,” speech to an internal Australian government seminar, August 2017, in Bill Bishop, ed., Sinocism, January 6, 2019, https://sinocism.com/p/engineers-of-the-soul-ideology-in.
133 Odd Arne Westad, Restless Empire: China and the World Since 1750.
134 Mao Zedong, “Opening Speech at the First Session of the First NPC (September 15, 1954),” in Michael Y.M. Kau and John K. Leung, eds. The Writings of Mao Zedong, 1949-1976, Vol. 1 (White Plains, NY: East Gate Books, 1986), p. 475.
135 Daniel J. Tobin, “How Xi Jinping’s ‘New Era’ Should Have Ended U.S. Debate on Beijing’s Ambitions.”
136 Xi Jinping, “Secure a Decisive Victory in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects and Strive for the Great Success of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era,” report delivered to the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, October 18, 2017, p. 16, http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/download/Xi_Jinping’s_report_at_19th_CPC_National_Congress.pdf. Chinese text is available at http://www.xinhuanet.com//politics/19cpcnc/2017-10/27/c_1121867529.htm or http://www.gov.cn/zhuanti/2017-10/27/content_5234876.htm. See also Daniel J. Tobin, “How Xi Jinping’s ‘New Era’ Should Have Ended U.S. Debate on Beijing’s Ambitions”; and Chris Buckley, “China Enshrines ‘Xi Jinping Thought,’ Elevating Leader to Mao-Like Status,” The New York Times, October 24, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/24/world/asia/china-xi-jinping-communist-party.html.
137 Paul Mozur and Aaron Krolik, “A Surveillance Net Blankets China’s Cities, Giving Police Vast Powers,” The New York Times, December 17, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/17/technology/china-surveillance.html; and Kenneth Roth and Maya Wang, “Data Leviathan: China’s Burgeoning Surveillance State,” Human Rights Watch, August 16, 2019, https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/08/16/data-leviathan-chinas-burgeoning-surveillance-state.
138 Xi Jinping, “Secure a Decisive Victory in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects and Strive for the Great Success of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era,” p. 57.
139 Deng Xiaoping, “Four Cardinal Principles,” speech before the Forum on the Principles for the [Chinese Communist] Party’s Theoretical Work, March 30, 1979, https://cpcchina.chinadaily.com.cn/2010-10/15/content_13918193.htm.
