ence, 80 of which are in America) is now worth about $2000. No reading matter accompanied these plates, but this was prepared later, and published in Edinburgh, from 1831 to 1839, in five successive volumes, entitled Ornithological Biography, the technical part of which was prepared by William McGillivray. Several editions and reprints, with reduced drawings, were made subsequently, of which the most important was the octavo edition of 1844, entitled Birds of America. A complete account of these combined works, and of all Audubon's other ornithological writings, is given in the appendix to Elliott Coues's Birds of the Colorado Valley (Washington, 1898). The years from 1830 to 1842 were spent in almost incessant travel in all accessible parts of the United States and Canada in search of new materials, or else in Europe, attending to the publication and sale of his great work. In 1842, however, Audubon purchased an estate on the bank of the Hudson River, now included within the city of New York, where a beautiful home was established for himself and his sons, Victor and John Woodhouse, and their families. In 1843, Audubon made a fruitful journey to the upper Missouri River region, the results of which were included in the first octavo edition of his Birds of America (1844). Thenceforth he devoted his energies mainly to the preparation of a standard work on American mammals, for which his sons not only collected much material, but for which John drew half of the colored plates; while John Bachman contributed technical and other parts. It was published in New York as Audubon and Bachman's Quadrupeds of North America, the first volume dated 1846 and the last 1853-54.
Audubon failed rapidly after 1847, gradually lost the use of his mind, died in 1851, and was buried in Trinity Cemetery, New York, close to his home woods, which now form a beautiful district called Audubon Park. As a man he was endowed with a hardy and most attractive frame, a most winning disposition, and a brilliant, poetic mind, animated by untiring enthusiasm. He was not learned in science, nor an artist in any broad sense of the term; but his work has been a source of immense pleasure and inspiration.
The best and fullest biography of him is by his granddaughter, Maria R. Audubon, entitled Audubon and His Journals, with zoölogical and other notes by Elliott Coues (2 vols., New York, 1897). A previous Life of John James Audubon, the Naturalist (New York, 1869) was written by another relative, Lucy Audubon. Still earlier is Buchanan's Life and Adventures of J. J. Audubon (2d ed., New York, 1864), which contained many errors and was not approved by his family.
AUE, ou'e. Hartmann von (c.1170-1210). A German minnesinger. He was the retainer of a Swabian knight, and is said to have had
an exceptional education for a layman. He took
part in the crusade of 1190, and is celebrated in
the Tristan und Isolde of Gottfried von Strassburg
and in the Krone by Türlin. His earliest
poem seems to have been Erec (about 1190).
Among his other productions are: Gregorius vom
Steine; Der arme Heinrich (his most popular
work); Iwein, oder der Ritter mit dem Löwen.
AUE. A town in the Circle of Zwickau,
Saxony,
Germany, at the confluence of the Mulde
and the Schwarzwasser, 18½ miles southeast of
Zwickau by rail. It is a railway junction and
a busy industrial centre. It has five public
buildings and its institutions include a technical
school in connection with the tin industry.
Population, in 1900, 15,230.
AUENBRUGGER, ou'en-brụg'ẽr, or
AUENBRUGG, ou'en-brụg, Leopold von (1722-1809).
A Viennese physician who introduced the method
of percussion diagnosis — that is, the method
of applying the ear to the chest and noting the
sounds that follow a stroke of the hand on the
patient. He published the results of his
important investigation in a treatise entitled
Inventum Novum ex Percussione Thoracis Humani
Interni Pectoris Morbos Detegendi (1761), which
marks an epoch in the modern history of medicine.
The book attracted little attention until
it was translated and illustrated by Corvisart
in 1808. He also wrote two treatises on
insanity.
AUER, ou'ẽr, Alois, Ritter von Welsbach
(1813-69). An Austrian printer. He was born
at Wels, in Upper Austria, and was trained in a
printing establishment of his native town to be
a compositor. During his scanty leisure moments
he studied French, Italian, English, and other
languages, in which he underwent an examination
in 1835 and 1836 before the University of Vienna.
In October, 1837, he was appointed professor of
Italian in the Gymnasium of Linz, in Upper
Austria. In 1839 he set out on his travels through
Germany, Switzerland, France, and England,
collecting materials for his favorite art. From 1841
to 1868 he was director of the Imperial printing
office at Vienna, which under his management
became one of the largest establishments of the
kind in Europe. He was prolific in typographical
inventions and made known a photographic
discovery, ‘spontaneous impression,’ in Die Entdeckung des Naturselbstdrucks (1854); published
Die Sprachenhalle oder das Vaterunser in 608
Sprachen, with Roman types (1844); and Das
Vaterunser in 206 Sprachen, with their national
alphabets (1847). See Nature Printing.
AUER, Leopold (1845—). A violinist, born
at Veszprim, Hungary, and educated at the
Conservatory of Budapest and at Vienna. From
1863 to 1865 he was concert master at Düsseldorf,
and from 1866 to 1868 he held the same
position at Hamburg, under Stockhausen. Afterwards
he became professor at the Conservatory
of Saint Petersburg and violin soloist to the
Russian court. In 1887, he became director of the
symphonic concerts given by the Imperial Musical
Society of Russia. He is considered one of the
foremost violinists of the day, his playing being
characterized by extraordinary technical skill,
depth of conception, and remarkable beauty of
tone. His concert tours have been very
successful.
AUERBACH, ou'ẽr-bäG, Berthold (1812-82). A German novelist, born at Nordstetten. He was the founder of the contemporary German
‘tendency novel,’ in which fiction is used as a
means of influencing public opinion on social, political, moral, and religious questions. Auerbach was of humble, Jewish parentage, but had a liberal education at Tübingen, Munich, and Heidelberg, and was a close student of Spinoza,
