were caused to flow from the nostrils of the horse. The present pedestal is the work of Michelangelo, and was cut from a column of the Temple of Castor and Pollux.
AURELIUS VICTOR, Sextus. A Roman historian of the Fourth Century A.D. He wrote De Cæsaribus, a collection of brief biographies of the Emperors from Augustus to Constantius. According to his own account, contained in that work, he was appointed by Julian governor of a division of the Province of Pannonia, and, by Theodosius, city prefect. He is also generally identified as the one of the name who was consul with Valentinian, A.D. 373. To him are wrongly attributed the Origo Gentis Romanæ, the De Viris Illustribus Urbis Romæ, and the De Vita et Moribus Imperatorum Romanorum.
AURELLE DE PALADINES, 6'rCd' dc pa'-
la'den', Louis Jean Baptiste d' (1804-77). A
French general. He entered the army in 1824,
served in Algiers in 1841-54, won distinction in
the Crimean War, and became a general of divi-
sion in 1855. He was not in active service at the
outbreak of the Franco-German War, but re-
ceived a command after the battle of Sedan, or-
ganized the Army of the Loire, and drove Von
der Tann from Orleans, winning the first victory
for France. He was repulsed in an attack upon
the army of Prince Frederick Charles, was beaten
by the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg at Artenay,
and was soon afterward removed from his com-
mand, though he subsequently commanded the
National Guard in the Department of the Seine.
He wrote Campagne de 1870-71; la première
armée de la Loire (1872).
AU'REOLE (Lat. aureola, golden, sc. corona,
[ crown I . The glory which radiates from the body
of a transfigured, divine, or other supernatural
being in representations of Christian art. It dif-
fers from the nimbus (q.v.), which radiates from
the head only, in being an emanation of light
from the entire body. It is of various shapes:
I circular, oval, or egg-shaped, quadrilobed and
lozenged. Sometimes, as in enthroned figures of
Christ, there is a double aureole — one around the
upper, and the other around the lower part of
the body. The aureole is of two kinds: diffused
[ or circumscribed, according as the rays of light,
as they flare outward, end in an encircling band
or melt into space. These rays are sometimes
straight, sometimes flamboyant. The aureole was of
later origin than the nimbus; it was not used until
after the Eighth Century, and was generally aban-
doned by Renaissance painters of the Fifteenth
Century. It was used almost entirely around fig-
ures of Christ, the Trinity, and the Virgin Mary.
AUREUS, .a're-us, or Denarius Aureus
(Lat. golden, from aurum, gold). The oldest
standard gold coin of Rome, first coined B.C. 207.
Its average weight was 121 grains, and value
about $5.00.
AU'RIC ACID (Lat. aurum, gold). A name formerly given to gold peroxide, a brown-black powder which is obtained by precipitating the auric chloride with alkalies. It combines with basic radicals to form salts, which are called aurates, as ammonium aurate, which is the scientific name for fulminating gold.
AU'RICLES (Lat. auricula, dimin. of auris, ear). Two cavities of the heart. See Circulation.
AURICULA (Lat. dim. of auris, ear, so
named on account of a fancied resemblance of
the leaves to the ears of an animal), Primula
auricula. A plant of the same genus with the
primrose, little grown in America, but valued
in England for the fragrance and beauty of its
flowers. The auricula is a native of the Alps
and other mountains of the middle and south of
Europe, and of sub-alpine situations in the same
countries. It is found also on the Caucasus and
the mountains of Syria. It grows in shady and
moist places. In the wild state it has compara-
tively small flowers, of a simple yellow color, on
short stalks, forming an umbel. It has been
greatly improved by cultivation. Red, pink,
crimson, apple-green, and mulberry are the chief
colors which the different varieties exhibit.
More than 1200 varieties have been cultivated,
and new ones are from time to time raised from
seed. Some of them are entirely of one color,
others of two or more; some are delicately
shaded, and some variegated. The flowers of
desirable varieties are large and almost round,
with the white or yellow eye of the centre dis-
tinct, and its color does not mix with the ground
color. The scape must be tall, and the full umbel
of erect flowers rise entirely above the leaves.
The green margin adds much to the beauty of
many varieties. The auricula blooms in April
and May, and often also a second time in the
end of autumn. It succeeds best in a rich, light
soil. The finer varieties are cultivated in pots.
They ought, previous to flowering, to stand in
an airy, sunny situation. They are propagated
by offsets, generally in the latter part of August.
When auricula is to be raised from seed, care
ought to be taken to select the finest flowers,
which are encouraged to ripen their seeds by
exposure to sun and air. They ought to be pro-
tected from heavy rains by hand-glasses placed
over them. The seed is sown either in autumn or
spring, usually in boxes placed under shelter or
in a slight hotbed.
AURICULAR CONFES'SION. See Confession.
AU'RIFA'BER (Lat. for family name Gold-
schniied). German Protestant theologians and
reformers. (1) Andreas (1514-59). A friend of
Melanchthon: born in Breslau. He received the
degree of M.A. at Wittenberg University in
1534. He taught in the philosophical faculty;
then was school principal. He took up medicine,
and was body physician to Duke Albert of Prus-
sia for ten years. In 1542 he returned as profes-
sor of medicine to Wittenberg, and after 1545
was ducal body physician at Königsberg. and
professor in the university, although his instruc-
tion was much interrupted by the diplomatic
journeys on which he was sent by the Duke. He
was an ardent defender of Osiande (1498-1552),
whose daughter was his second wife. As an
Osianderian he was bitterly attacked by the ultra-
conservative Lutherans, whose leader (Flacius)
dubbed him 'dog-doctor,' because he had issued a
book upon the treatment of canine diseases. He
died at Königsberg, December 12, 1559. His
writings were chiefly medical. (2) Johannes
(1517-68). A brother of Andreas, and, like him,
a friend of Melanchthon; born at Breslau, Janu-
ary 30, 1517. He received the degree of M.A. at
Wittenberg University in 1538, and became pro-
fessor at Rostock in 1550. After a varied and
fruitful activity (chief author of the Mecklen-
