burg Church Ordinances, 1551), he became professor of theology at Königsberg in 1554, resigned in 1565, and died at Breslau, October 19, 1568. He also was involved in the Osiander strife which wrought up the theologians of that time. (3) Johannes (c.1519-75). A zealous friend of Luther; born in county of Mansfeld, Saxony, and educated at Wittenberg. He became tutor to the young Count Mansfeld, and in the war of 1544 was with the army as chaplain. He lived with Luther as his secretary (1545); was present at Luther's death, February 18, 1546, and closed the great Reformer's eyes. He was taken prisoner at Mühlberg, April 24, 1547, while serving as chaplain in the Schmalkald War, and was in prison till the autumn of 1547. He was a furious critic of Melanchthon. After being for some years court preacher at Weimar, he was compelled to flee to Eisleben (1561), and there began those Lutheran publications which have given him fame. In 1566 he was appointed minister of the Lutheran Church at Erfurt, holding the place until his death, which occurred there, November 18, 1575. He began, in 1540, collecting Lutheran MSS., and by 1553 had 2000 letters of Luther's; the same year he shared in the 12-volume German and Latin edition of Luther which appeared in Jena in 1556. He issued two volumes of Luther's letters (1556-65); also a supplement to the Jena edition and the Works in 1564-65 (2 vols.). In 1566 he issued his famous Tischreden und Colloquia Dr. M. Luthers.
AURI′GA (Lat. auriga, charioteer, driver), or The Wagoner. A northern constellation containing Capella, a star of the first magnitude.
AURIGNY, ō̇′rē̇′nyē̇′. See Alderney.
AURILLAC, ō̇′re′yȧk′ (probably from Aurelius, the Roman Emperor). A town of France, capital of the Department of Cantal (Auvergne), situated in a pleasant valley on the banks of the Jordanne, about 269 miles south of Paris (Map: France, J 7). It is said to owe its origin to a Benedictine monastery, founded in the Ninth Century, by Saint Géraud. The streets are wide but irregular, and are kept clean by streams supplied by a reservoir above the town and by a canal from the Jordanne. The neighboring quarries supply slates to cover the houses. The principal buildings of Aurillac are the churches of Notre Dame and Saint Géraud, the castle of Saint Etienne; the theatre; the college buildings, which contain a valuable public library; and the grain market. There is also a monument erected to the memory of the French philanthropist, M. de Montyon. Paper, jewelry, lace, copper utensils, leather, and lime are the chief industrial products. The English, in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries, often besieged the town, and it was frequently taken and pillaged during the religious wars in France in the Sixteenth Century. Pope Sylvester II., whose statue is to be seen at Aurillac, was born there, as was the infamous Carrier of the first French Revolution. Population, in 1896, 13,531.
AU′RIN (Lat. aurum, gold), C19H14O3. A coloring substance used in the manufacture of lacquers. It is obtained in the form of beautiful green needles, by the action of sulphuric and oxalic acids on carbolic acid at 130-150° C. Reducing agents transform it into a colorless substance known as leucarin, C19H16O3. Owing to the difficulty of fixing it, it is not much used as a dye, though its solution in alkali has a beautiful fuchsine red color.
AURISPA, ou-rē′spȧ, Giovanni (c.1369-1460). A distinguished Italian humanist of the Fifteenth Century, born at Noto, in Sicily, about 1369. In 1418 he went to Constantinople for the purpose of learning Greek; after some years he returned to Italy, bringing with him 238 manuscripts of ancient Greek authors, among them Pindar, Callimachus, Oppian, Æschylus, Sophocles, Plato, Plotinus, Xenophon, Lucian, Arrian, Dion Cassius, Diodorus Siculus, Strabo, and Procopius. On his return he lived at Venice, and later held the chair of Greek literature at Bologna. Niccolò de' Niccoli (q.v. ) was instrumental in calling him to Florence, where he replaced Guarino da Verona as teacher of Greek. But some disagreement cut short his stay in Florence, and he soon removed to Ferrara. In 1438, the Greek Emperor, John Palæologus, called him to assist in the council called by Pope Eugene IV.; the latter made Aurispa his secretary in 1441, which office he held for six years. He died at Ferrara in 1460. Of his many translations the following only have been published: Hierocles' Liber in Pythagoræ Aurea Carmina, Latinitate Donatus (Padua, 1474); Philisci Consolatoria, etc. (Paris, 1510). Many other translations remain in manuscript in Italian libraries. Consult: Voigt, Die Wiederbelebung des klassischen Alterthums, Vol. I. (Berlin, 1893); Symonds, Renaissance in Italy, Vol. II. (London, 1877).
AUROCHS, a̤′rŏks (MHG. ūrohso, from ūr, AS. ūr, Engl. owre, wild ox + ohso, ox). The European bison (Bison bonasus). See Bison and Plate of Bisons.
AURO′RA. A city in Kane County, Ill., on Fox River, 39 miles west of Chicago, and on the Chicago and Northwestern, and the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy railroads (Map: Illinois, D 2). It is an important manufacturing place, producing extensively carriages and wagons, silver-plated ware, wheel-scrapers, sashes and blinds, etc. It has also machine shops, smelting-works, stove-works, and railway repair shops. Aurora owns and operates its water-works and electric-light plant, and has been presented with a public library by Andrew Carnegie. It was settled in 1834, and first incorporated 1837. Under the charter of 1887, now in operation, the government is vested in a mayor, elected for two years, and a city council. Other officers also are elected by the people. Annual town-meetings are held to elect highway commissioners and to levy road and bridge taxes. Population, in 1860, 6011; in 1890, 19,688; in 1900, 24,147.
AURORA. A city in Lawrence County, Mo., 270 miles southwest of Saint Louis; on the Saint Louis and San Francisco, and the Kansas City, Fort Scott, and Memphis railroads (Map: Missouri, C 5). The adjacent region is engaged principally in agriculture, fruit-growing, and lead and zinc mining, and the city carries on a considerable trade in the products of these industries. There are also a foundry and machine shops, flour mills, etc. Population, in 1890, 3482; in 1900, 6191.
AURORA. A city, and the county-seat of Hamilton County, Neb., 110 miles west by south
