to dislocations, which may be accompanied by
fracture. The accident being often followed by
severe inflammation, the joint is very apt to stif-
fen ( see Ankylosis ) , thereby seriously impair-
ing the ucafulness of the limb; it is, therefore,
unadvisable to keep the limb too long in any one
position after such an injury. (See Joints, Dis-
eases OF.) The upper extremity is supplied
with blood by the brachial artery, the continua-
tion of the axillary trunk. The veins collect
into large superficial trunks, which unite at
the bend of the elbow, at which situation one
may be selected for venesection, and then pass
on to the axillary, on the outside by the cephalic
vein, on the inner side by the basilic. Deep veins
also accompany the arteries and pass upward to
join the axillary at its commencement.
The nerves pass down as large cords by the side of the arteiy, and diverge from it to their ultimate distributions; the musculo-spiral soon passing round at the back to appear on the outside, to beeoine the radial and posterior interosseous nerves; the ulnar running behind the internal condyle, for which it has obtained the term 'funny bone,' from the electric - like thrill which pa.-ises along the arm when the nerve is struck or pressed. The median, as its name implies, keeps a middle course with the artery.
In wounds of the forearm, bleeding is some- times excessive. It may be at once controlled by pressure on the brachial artery, on the inner side of the biceps.
The arm affords excellent illustrations of some of the principles of mechanics. The insertion of the muscles so near, as will be .seen, to the fulcra or centres of motion, involves a loss of power in the usual sense of the word; there is, however, a corresponding gain in velocity at the end of the lever, and for most of the purposes to which the hand is put, agility is of far greater moment than mere strength.
ARMADA, ar-ma'da or iir-ma'da (Sp., an armed force). The. A name especially applied to the powerful Spanish fleet equipped by Philip II. in 1588 for the conquest of England. By per- mitting the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, Elizabetli had awakened the indignation of all Catholics; and Scotch, French, and Papal leaders forgot their differences and urged Pliili]) to undertake the invasion of England. Santa Cruz, the ablest seaman in Spain, prepared elaborate plans for the fleet, which was to subdue England. All his specifications (as to vessels, men. and equipment) had to be considerably reduced, but the King raised enormous supplies in utter dis- regard of the already almost intoleralde burdens of the nation. No attempt was made to disguise the purpose of the unusual activities which took place in the Sjianish docks between 1586 and 1588. In consequence, the English were on the alert, the crisis was prepared for. so far as the parsimony of Elizabeth would permit; and, in the spring of 1587, Drake raided the Spanish coast and burned all the equipment and supplies of the fleet, causing a delay which gave the Eng- lish another full year in -ivhich to prepare for the attack. Early in 1588 Santa Cruz and his vice- admiral, Paliano, died, and the expedition wag intrusted to the Duke of Medina Sidonia, who was wholly unfit for the command. Similar want of judgment was shown in the appointment of the other officers, destined to meet in battle such English seamen as Howard, Drake, Fro- bisher, and Hawkins. The Spanish counted the victory already won, and named the fleet the "Invincible Armada." The English, on the other hand, were anxious but determined. The Span- iards bliuidered at the very outset. Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma, was in Flanders with a large army intended for the invasion of Eng- land, but failed to cooperate with Medina Si- donia. The fleet itself, which consisted of 131 vessels with 8000 sailors and 19,000 soldiers, left Lisbon on May 29, 1588. On account of delays due to storms and mismanagement, it was the 30th of July before the English Channel was reached. The fleet now numbered only about 1'20 ships, of which 70 could not be used in an engagement. The main English fleet, under the chief command of Lord Howard of Effingham, consisted of about 80 ships, all of them avail- able for action; considerably smaller than the Spanish vessels, but much more easily handled, and with superior fighting equipment. The English commanders took advantage of this fact, and avoided a close contest, such as the Spanish hoped for. Hardly a battle occurred; but for a whole week the light English vessels hung on the rear and flanks of the Armada as it lum- bered up the Channel, raking the galleons with rapid shot and escaping almost unlianned from the Spaniards' slow delivery. On August 7 the Armada was driven close to the port of Grav- elines, where on the following day Drake made a spirited onslaught upon the Spanish ships. !Many of the galleons of the invaders were riddled by the English guns. After a hasty council of war, it was recognized that Parma's army could not be transported to England, and Medina Si- donia turned toward Spain. The English gave chase for a short distance, but soon retired, not being provisioned for a long pursuit. It was necessary for the Armada first to sail around the Orkneys, on account of the direction of the wind. A fearful voyage followed, and only about 50 vessels returned home. Both Philip and Elizabeth see<n to have ascribed the failure of the expedi- tion to the storms, which in fact did very largely influence the result; but the English fleet had almost every advantage that counts in a naval engagement, so that the result under any cir- cumstances could hardly have been otherwise. The destruction of the Armada was the collapse of Spain's naval power.
For a detailed account see Froude, History of England (London, 1856-70), and The tSpiinish Story of the Armada (London, 1892) ; Motley, History of the United Netherlands (Xew York, 1861-08) ; Camden, History of Queen Eliza- heth (Amsterdam, 1677) ; Creasy, Fifteen De- cisive Battles (New York, 1858) ; Hakluyt, Principall Navigations (London, 1589) ; Corbett, Drake and the Tudor Navy (London, 1898) ; GardineT, Historical Biographies: "Drake" (Lon- don, 1894) ; Green, History of the English Peo- ple (London, 1878-80).
AR'MADALE. A novel by Wilkie Collins, published in 1866, the plot of which hinges on the death-bed confession of Allan Wrentmore, a West Indian, who had assumed the name of Armadale and had murdered a disinherited cousin of that name.
AR'MADIL'LO (Sp. dim. of armado, armed, referring to its bony shell). (1) An edentate mammal of the South American family Dasy-
