and the German dachshund (q.v.) of the present originated in a breed adapted to pursuing badgers into their holes, the word meaning ‘badger-dog.’ It is said that the greyhound had a similar origin; but although a coarse sort of greyhound may probably have been used often in the sport of baiting badgers (called ‘greys’), this breed originated otherwise in the Orient.
BADGER STATE. See States, Popular Names of.
BADGHIS, bäd-gēz′, or BADGHIZ (Pers., ‘the place where the wind rises’). A region in the northwestern part of Afghanistan, bounded by the Heri-Rud and the Persian and Russian frontiers. It is mountainous in the centre, taking in a portion of the Paropamisus Range. The southeastern portion is less elevated and fertile. It is inhabited by Jamshidis and Hazaras.
BADHAM, băd′am, Charles (1813-84). An English classical scholar, professor of classics and logic at the University of Sydney, New South Wales, from 1867 until his death. He was born at Glasgow, Scotland, and received his early education under Pestalozzi. He graduated at Oxford (1837). His chief publications are: Criticism Applied to Shakspere (1846), and annotated editions of the Greek classics, including the Iphigenia and Helena of Euripides (1851); and the Philebus, Euthydemus, and Laches of Plato. In his criticisms he followed the methods of Porson.
BADIA Y LEBLICH, bȧ-dē′ȧ ē̇ lā̇-blēch′, Domingo (1766-1818), known also by the name Ali-Bei-el-Abbassi. A Spanish traveler. He was born at Barcelona, and studied the Arabic language, physical science, and mathematics at Valencia. Partly out of personal curiosity and partly as an emissary of the Spanish Government, he determined to visit the Barbary States in the disguise of a Mussulman. He went for a short time to London to study commerce and politics, and spared no labor to make himself familiar with the manners and customs of the people he was about to visit. In 1803 he sailed for Africa, where he represented himself, under the name of Ali-Bei, as a descendant of the Abbassides. His talents gained for him such esteem that he was invited to the court of the Emperor of Fez and Morocco. After a two years' residence in Morocco, he set out on a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1805, and after sojourning some time in Tripoli, Cyprus, and Egypt, arrived at the ‘holy place’ in 1807, being the first Christian to visit it since the institution of Islam. Subsequently he visited Jerusalem and the chief places in Palestine and Syria, and in the autumn of 1807 arrived at Constantinople, whence he had soon to flee, the reality of his Mohammedanism being suspected. His long journey had been a bold masquerade, carried out with exquisite art. He deceived Moslem emperors and scholars; and in Cairo, Châteaubriand spoke of him as the most cultured and polished Mussulman he had ever met. After his return to Spain he was made Intendant of Segovia and Prefect of Cordova by Joseph Bonaparte. On the expulsion of the French, Ali was compelled to leave the country. He went to Paris, where in 1814 he published an account of his travels, under the title Voyages d'Ali-Bei en Afrique et en Asie pendant les années 1803-07. The work was translated into the principal European languages. Four years after the publication Badia y Leblich set off on another journey to the East, but died suddenly at Aleppo.
BADINGUET, bȧ′dăN′gā̇′. Napoleon III., often so called because the garments in which, in 1846, he escaped from the Castle of Ham, belonged to a mason of that name. His party came to be known thereafter as the ‘Badingueux.’
BADIUS, bä′dē̇-ụs, Jodocus, or Josse (1462-1535). An eminent French printer and author. He was born at Asche, near Brussels, and for this reason is sometimes called Ascensianus. He studied at Brussels and Ferrara, and for several years taught Greek at Lyons. About 1500 he settled in Paris, where he founded a printing establishment, and published, with his own notes, a large collection of the classics; also produced a Life of Thomas à Kempis, and a satire on the follies of women, called Navicula Stultarum Mulierum. His printer's stamp is the oldest known reproduction of a printing-press.
BAD LANDS. An American term applied to regions of unconsolidated rocks that have been extensively eroded. Bad Lands occur on arid plateaus formed by horizontal strata of loosely cemented sands and gravels. In these regions rain falls only during short periods, but then the storm waters erode the incoherent rock that is unprotected by vegetation, resulting in the formation of a labyrinthine series of valleys of all sizes, most of which are dry ‘arroyos’ during the greater part of the year. When the erosion is carried to its extreme limit the greater part of the region is reduced to base-level, and isolated fragments of the old plateau rise above this to form table mountains, or ‘mesas.’ The best examples of Bad Lands are found in the upper portion of the Missouri drainage basin, in the vicinity of the Black Hills. They occur also to lesser extent in Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. The name ‘Bad Lands’ is a literal translation of ‘Mauvaises Terres,’ a term used by the French-Canadian trappers, who first visited the regions.
BAD′MAN, The Life and Death of Mr. An allegorical tale by John Bunyan, in 1680. It is the story of a petty villain of the middle classes. As a realistic picture of the masses during Charles II.'s reign, it is quite as vivid as anything of Defoe's or Pepys's.
BAD′MINTON (from Badminton, England, the seat of the Duke of Beaufort). A game which somewhat resembles lawn tennis. It can be played either in or out of doors, on a marked-out space 40 feet long by 20 feet wide, divided into 4 courts, 2 at each end, with a centre space, across which a net is fixed, 5 or 5½ feet in height. It is played with shuttlecocks, 5 inches high, and weighing 1 ounce, which are driven by rackets or battledores over the net, backward and forward, until one of the players fails, under certain technical regulations applicable to the game, to return it.
BADMINTON. The estate of the Duke of Beaufort, in Gloucestershire, England. The name was also applied to a drink of sweetened claret, and since the Duke was a supporter of pugilism, it came in sporting circles to signify blood shed in the ring.
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