1511) and GlULIAiso (149M55o), who followed their father's style. Baccio d'A^'iiolo, whilc not a wenius, showed real talent in the treatment of palace architecture of moderate size in Flor- ence. He continued the manner of PoUaiuolo (q.v.), whom he had assisted in Iniilding the ^eat hall of the Palazzo Vecchio. While not modifying Pollaiuolo's style of exterior, he gave •rreater elegance and simplicity to the palace tourts. Such were the Taddei and Ginori pal- aces. He showed considerable originality in the Bartolini Palace (1520), and in a couple of villas (Bartolini and Borgherini). The best work of Domenico is the Buturlin Palace.
BAGLIONI, Cavaliere Giovanni, called 11
Sorclo del Barozzo ( 1571-lli44) . An Italian
painter and art historian, born in Rome. He
was a pupil of Francesco Morelli. and was a
favorite of the Popes Sixtus V., Clement VIII.,
and Paul V., for whoni lie painte<l many fine
frescoes in San Giovanni Laterano, Saint Peter's,
and the Vatican. His most important literary
work is he rite cle' pittori, sciiltori, airchitetti,
fd inidgliatori dril ponlificdto cli (Jrer/orio XIII.,
ftno (li tempi di Vrhano VIII. (Rome, 1642;
Naples, 1733).
BAGLIVI, ba-lye've, Giorgio (1669-1707).
A celebrated Italian physician of the latro-
Physical School (see Borelli) ; descended from
x^ poor Armenian family. In 1602 he went to
Rome, where he attended the lectures on anat-
omy given by ilalpighi. Soon afterwards he
was appointed professor of anatomy at the Col-
legio di Sapienza, Rome. He was the first to pro-
pound the doctrine of 'solidisra' in medicine,
according to which the primary seat of disease is
in the solid parts of the organism and not in the
fluids, as had been universally maintained pre-
vious to his time. His complete works were pub-
lished under the title Opera Omnia Medica Prac-
iica et .inatoinicn (Lyons, 1704).
BAGNACAVALLO, ba'nya-ka-vill'ld, Barto-
LOMMEO DA (14S4-l42 ) . An Italian painter,
whose real name was Ramenghi, but who was
called Bagnacavallo from his native village. He
was a pupil of Francesco Francia, and also
studied with Raphael in Rome, where he worked
on the decorations of the gallery in the Vatican.
At Bologna he took the leading place, and did
much to improve the style of the Bolognese
School. His works are distinguished by rich
coloring and graceful delineation. The best
specimens, the "Disputation of Saint Augustin,"-
and a "Madonna and Child," are at Bologna,
where he died.
BAGNEBES-DE-BIGORRE, ba'nyar' de be'gor' (Fr., baths of the Bigerrones ; see below). A town and watering-place situated amid lovely scenery in the Department of the Hautes-Pyrenees, France (ilap: France, 6 8). At Bagn&res
there are 30 mineral springs of varied tempera-
ture and chemical composition, each of which is
described as a specific for difl'erent diseases.
There are 10 bathing establishments, and the
Jilace is visited annuallv bv 20,000 invalids and
tourists. Population, iii 1806, 6900. The place
was well known to the ancient Romans, who called
it Vicus Aquensis, or Aqute Bigerrionum, and
erected there many baths and a temple of Diana.
BAGNERES-DE-LUCHON, Iu'sIion'. A
watering-place in the Dc')iartment of Haute-
Garonne, France (Map: France, GO). It is
divided into an old and a new tovn ; the lat-
ter, with its villas and gardens, fine streets and
promenades, being five times as large as the
cluster of mean and narrow streets which forms
the old town. Bagn&res-de-Luchon has 48 springs,
which vary in their composition and their tem-
perature. About 36,000 strangers annually resort
to these springs. Population, in 1896, 3700. The
Romans gave it the name Thermae Lixonienses,
but for many centuries, even throughout the
Middle Ages, the place was deserted. Heyret
d'Etigny, whose statue stands in the town, caused
the waters to be analyzed in 1751, and drew at-
tention to their medicinal properties, but the
popularity of the place dates only from the be-
ginning of the Nineteenth Century.
BAGNES, ban'y', or BAGNE, Val de. A
picturesque valley in the Canton of Valais,
Switzerland, watered by the Dranse, a tributary
of the Rhone. It is encircled by mountains, of
which the highest are the Grand Combin, 14,164
feet, and Mont Gele, 11,000 feet. Glaciers are
found in the valley, the largest being the Cor-
bassi&re and the Gietros. Vi'aterfalls and gorges
aboimd along the course of the river, and its
current is very swift. It has frequently over-
flowed and inundated the valley, notably in
1818, when, dammed by the Gietros Glacier, it
broke through and swep^ away 500 dwellings,
drowning a number of people. The chief town
of the valley, Chable, is sometimes called
Bagnes.
BAGNES. The convict prisons of France. Serious crimes in France were, till 1748, punished by terms of service in the galleys. In that year these were abolished, and the convicts were employed in hard labor in arsenals and other public works, and the prisons in which they were lodged were called bagnes, from the Italian hagno, literally a bath — a name supposed to have originated in the fact that the slave-prisons at Constantinople contained baths, or because they stood near the baths of the seraglio. The Legislative Assembly of 1791 and 1792 mitigated the sufferings of the convicts, and substituted, for the detested name gaUres, that of travaux publics, to which succeeded the travaux forces of the Code Napoleon. The practice of branding criminals with a hot iron was not abolished until 1832. The latest existing institutions of this class were at Toulon, Brest, and Rochefoi-t. The discipline of the bagnes was cruel. Men were always chained in couples, and released only after the most exemplary behavior. Their food was miserable, and they were herded together at night like cattle. The labor of the convicts was turned to profitable account, and the various handicrafts were taught in the prison under the direction of overseers. The industrious and clever were enabled to earn small wages. Formerly the punishment of the galleys was inflicted for comparatively slight offenses, such as removing landmarks, begging, poaching: but hard labor in the bagnes was reserved exclusively for such as committed crimes which seriously menaced the public peace and personal safety. These prisons were abolished in 1852, and the convicts were gradually drafted ott to French Guiana and New Caledonia. Toulon Prison was not emptied till 1870. To readers of Victor Hugo's Les misérables the bagnes are of course familiar as the home, during many years, of the hero, Jean Val-
