peculiar form of the long, narrow, flaring openings pierced in such works, the term barbican came to be applied to such shaped openings, loopholes, or embrasures, even when they were used in other structures to let in light, to ventilate, or to carry off water from foundations. See Bailey; Bastion; Bastille; and Castle.
BARBIÉ DU BOCAGE, biir'bya' du b6'kazh',
Jean Dénis (1760-1825). A French geographer. He was born and died in Paris. After holding several important Government positions, he became professor in the Collège de France in 1809, and in 1821 was one of the founders of the French Geographical Society. His best-known works are his historical and geographical atlases. He also wrote, in conjunction with Sainte-Croix, Mémoires historiques et géographiques sur les pays situés entre la Mer Noire et la Mer Caspienne (1790).
BARBIER, bar'bya',
Antoine Alexandre (1765-1825). A French bibliographer. He was born at Coulommiers, studied at the Normal School, and took orders, but in 1793 left his curacy, and in 1794 was appointed a member of the commission for the preservation of objects of art and science. He was delegated to collect and distribute to various libraries the valuable books obtained at the time of the Revolution through the suppression of ecclesiastical establishments. He was appointed librarian to the Directory, and was also private librarian to Napoleon I., in which capacity he founded the libraries of Fontainebleau, Compiègne, Saint Cloud, and the Louvre. At the Restoration, he became director of the Crown Library, and continued in that post until 1822. His bibliographic works include Catalogue des Livres de la Bibiothèque du Conseil d'Etat (2 vols., Paris, 1801-03); Dissertation sur Soixante Traductions Françaises de l'Imitation de Jesus-Christ (1812), and, chiefly, Dictionnaire des Ouvrages Anonymes et Pseudonymes (4 vols., 1806-09).
BARBIER, Henri Auguste (1805-82). A French poet and novelist, born in Paris. He is remembered chiefly for his satires, Les lambes (1831), political and social castigations of the predominant types in the bourgeois monarchy of Louis Philippe, though the morals of the aristocracy were not spared. The most famous of them is La Curée. Of his other works, Il Pianto, dealing with Italy, and Lazare, with Ireland, though greatly inferior, rank next in importance. Barbier was elected to the Academy in 1869, and died at Nice, February 12, 1882.
BARBIER DE MEYNARD, biirbya' de nia'niir',
Charles Adrien Casimir (1827—). A French Orientalist, born in Marseilles. He was appointed a member of the French Legation to Persia, and afterwards successively became professor of Turkish at the Ecole des Langues Orientales, and professor of Persian (1875) and Arabic (1885) at the Collège de France. His works include: Dictionnaire géographique, historique et littéraire de la Perse et des contrées adjacentes (1861); Tableau littéraire du Khorassan et de la Transoxiane au IVème siècle de l'hégire (1861); Dictionnaire turc-français (1885-87).
BARBIER DE SEVILLE, ba^'byft' de si'vel'
(Fr., barber of Seville). (1) A work by Beaumarchais (q.v.), rejected (1772) as a comic opera, and subsequently given its present form as a comedy. (See Figaro.) (2) A light Italian opera (Il barbiere di Siviglia); (a) by Paisiello, with adaptation of Beaumarchais's comedy as the libretto; given in Saint Petersburg in 1780, and in Paris in 1789. (b) By Rossini, with book again adapted from Beaumarchais; it was given in Rome in 1810, and in Paris in 1819. First unpopular, it has become one of the favorite operas.
BARBIERI, bar-bya're,
Giovanni Francesco. See Guercino.
BARBISON, biir'be'soN'.
A village in the Department of Seine-et-Marne, France, 5 miles northwest of Fontainebleau. It has given its name to a school of French landscape painters. (See Barbison School.) Its picturesque situation and association have made it a favorite resort for artists and tourists.
BARBISON SCHOOL. The name given to the work of a group of painters who repaired to the village of Barbison and its environs, about 1844, when one of the most distinguished of modern French landscape painters, Theodore Rousseau, first settled there. In 1849 Jean François Millet took up his abode at Barbison. Of this school also were Corot, Daubigny, Diaz, Troyon, and others who so influenced the landscape art of France, that the term 'Barbison School' came to signify that coterie of painters who succeeded the romantic revolt of 1830, and went directly to Nature for their inspiration instead of painting studio pictures. Further information about the work of these men is included under their names. Consult Mollett, The Painters of Barbison (London, 1890).
BAR'BITON, or BAR'BITOS (Gk. βάρβιτον, βάρβιτος). A special form of the Greek lyre, much used on Lesbos and among the Ionians. It seems to have had a deep tone, and may be the instrument, with a small sounding-board and long arms, which is carried by Alcæus and Sappho on a vase in Munich. See Lyre.
BARBOSA DU BOCAGE, bar-bo'sa dij b6'- kiizli'.
See Boccage, Manoel Maria Barbosa du.
BARBOSA-MACHADO, bar-bo'sa-ma-sha'do,
Diego (1682-1770). A Portuguese bibliographer. He was born in Lisbon; took holy orders in 1724, and received the appointment of Abbot of the Convent of Santo Adriano de Sever. Here he remained until his death engaged in the preparation of a monumental work, which contains biographical notices of all the Portuguese and Brazilian authors. It is called Bibliotheca Lusitana antiqua e nova, historica, critica e chronologica, na qual se comprehende a noticia dos autores Portuguezzes, e das obras que compuzeram desde o tempo da promulgacão da ley de graça, ate o tempo presente (4 vols., Lisbon, 1741-52). A summary of this was arranged by Bento José Farinha, Summario da Bibliotheca Lusitana (4 vols., Coimbra, 1820).
BARBOU. bar'boo',
Joseph Gérard (1715-1813). The most important representative of the firm of French printers of that name. Of his publications the best-known are to be found in his continuation, in duodecimo, of the series of Latin classics begun by Antoine Coustelier, at the instance of the Abbé Lenglet Dufresnoy. These volumes of his are still justly noted for their careful text and excellent typography.
