CID. 743 CIESZKOWSKI. fortresses. He died of grief in 1009, on learning that his relative and comrade in arms, Alvar Fauez, had been vanquished by the Moors, and that the army which he had sent to his assist- ance had been defeated near Alcira. After the Cid's death, his widow held Valencia till 1102, when she was obliged to ca])itulate to the Al- jnoravides, and Uee to Castile, where she died in 1104. Her remains were placed by those of her lord in the monastery of San I'edro de Cardeua, near liurgos. The Lid had a son, who was slain by the Jloors in a battle near Consuegra. He also left behind him two daughters, one of whom was married to the Count of Barcelona, the other to the Infante of Xavarre, through whom the kings of Spain claim kindred with "llio Vid el C'ampea- dor." Relics of the 'Blessed Cid,' as he is still called in Spain, such as his sword, shield, banner, and drinking-cup, are still held in great reverence by the populace. The numerous Cid romances that were first ])iiblished in the Si.xteenth Centun,' contain the most romantic improbabilities concerning the life and deeds of the Cid. Consult Silva de larios romances (1550), and Romancero general (1604). These romances were taken from the ancient cantares (national songs) and pocmns. most of which are entirely lost. The most important of modern works on this subject are: Dozy. Rccherches siir I'histoire politique et littcraire dc VEspagiie pen- dant le moyen age (3d ed., Leyden. 1881) ; Hu- ber, Geschichte des Cid, etc. (Bremen. 1829). and Southey, Chronicle of the Cid (London. 1808). Consult also Willemaers. Le Cid (Brussels, 1873). CID, Le. a famous tragedy by Pierre Cor- neille (q.v. ). CID'ARIS. A genus of sea-urchins (q.v.). CIDEK (from OF. cidere, from Lat. sicera, from Gk. o-i'/tcpa, sikera, from Heb. shfkiir, strong drink, from shukar, to be intoxicated). The fermented juice of apples, which is extensively prepared in Gloucestershire and in other parts of England, in Ireland, in the northern dis- tricts of France, and in North America. The apples are first ground or grated in a mill, and the pulp is then made into a cheese by mixing with straw to hold it in shape, or in some cases is placed in forms made of reed- grass. It is then subjected to pressure, and yields a dark-colored sweet liquid. The pomace remaining is sometimes wet and pressed again, j'ielding an inferior cider. Green or rotten apples should not be used : the former make cider de- ficient in sugar and turbid from the suspended particles of starch, while rotten fruit is sure to impair the flavor of the cider. Early apples make a much poorer quality of cider than do fall and winter apples, as the latter contain about 2. .5 per cent, more of sugar. Fresh cider contains 8-") to 88 per cent, of water. 12 to 15 per cent, of total solid matter, consisting mostly of sugar, and a little malic acid, the natural acid of the apple. The 'working' or fermenta- tion of cider, by which alcohol is produced, is due to certain kinds of yeasts, which decompose the sugar into alcohol and carbonic acid, the latter passing into the air. In some countries pure cultures of yeasts are. with advantage, now- employed for the fermentation. After the first or main fermentation the clear liquid is racked off into clean casks, which are placed in a cool cellar for the second or still fermentation. An acetic fermentation may take place by which acetic acid is produced and the cider becomes "hard," or quite sour, unless properly handled. The fermented cider contains only 2 or 3 per cent, of solids (instead of 12 to 15 per cent, as in tlie apple-juice), and from 4.5 to 7 per cent, of alcohol. By again racking oir the cider, after the second fermentation, and placing it in casks tightly bunged or in closely stoppered bottles, it can be kept for a considerable time without souring. Cider brandy, or applejack, is a product de- rived by distillation from fermented cider. It lontains very much more alcohol. For cider vinegar, see 'lXEGAB. CIENEGA, st-a'na-ga, t<p..pron. the-. A name ui,cd in tile Southwest for swamp (q.v.). CIENEGA (lagoon), or San Juan de la Ci£- XEGA. A town in the Department of Magdalena, t^olombia. at the moutli of a lagoon on the north- west coast, 10 miles south of Santii Marta, with which it is connected by rail. Its inhabitants, estimated at 7000, are chiefly engaged in fisheries. CIENFUEGOS, the'an-fwa'gfis (Sp., hundred fires), or .Tacla. A city of Ciuba, in the Prov- ince of Santa Clara, situated on the southern coast, about 130 miles southeast of Havana (Jlap: Cuba, E 4). Cienfuegos has one of the finest harbors in the West Indies, and is of con- siderable commercial importance. The harbor incloses an area of about 6 square leagues, with a depth of 27 feet at the anchorage. The city is well built and has many modern improvements. The streets are wide and straight, and one of the plazas is considered the finest in the island. Cien- fuegos is lighted by gas and electricity, and has a good water supply. Its commeice is largely with the United States. The principal exports are sugar and tobacco. Cienfuegos is connected by rail with Havana and a few other important points. The harbor is supposed to have been visited by Columbus during his first voyage. The settle- ment here was made by refugees from Santo Do- mingo in 1819, Cienfuegos being one of the young- est cities in Cuba. During the Spanish-American War it was blockaded by Admiral Schley, then in search of Cen-era's fleet. Population, in 1899, 30,03S. CIENFTJEGOS, Xica.sio Alvarez ue (1704- 1809). x Si)anish poet. He was born in Madrid, was educated at Salamanca, and published his first collection of poems in 1798. The editorship of the Government journals El ilercurio and La Oaccta was granted him, and subsequently he obtained an appointment in the Foreign Office. For participation in the popular demonstraticm against the French at Madrid on May 2. 1808, he was deported to France, where he died. His dramas are to later taste stilted and ill-contrived. His lyric verse, however, is still read. .
edi-
tion of his Ohras poeticas appeared at Paris in 1821 (2 vols.). CIESZKOWSKI, tse'ftsh-kov'sk*. Atr.tST, Count (ISlliili. A Polish philosopher and political ecimoniist, born at Sucha, Podlachia, and educated at the University of Berlin. He was one of the founders of the liihliotrkn IVnr- n^aicska, and in 1847 settled in Posen, whence he was for years sent as a deputy to the Prus- sian Chamber of Deputies. He was president of the Society of the Friends of Science in Posen,
